Which Antacid Works the Best? Essay -- essays research papers fc

Which Antacid Works the Best?      Heartburn is a condition described by a consuming inclination in the chest and a sharp or unpleasant preference for the mouth. Indigestion typically creates when the acidic substance of the stomach stream back, or spew, into the throat, the solid cylinder that conveys food from the throat to the stomach. Around one of every ten grown-ups experience acid reflux once per week. Acid reflux is progressively regular in pregnant ladies as a result of the weight the extending uterus applies on the stomach. At the point when you swallow, the lower esophageal sphincter, a round band of muscle around the base piece of your throat, unwinds to permit food and fluid to stream down into your stomach. At the point when it unwinds at an inappropriate time, stomach corrosive streams back up into your throat, despite the fact that you're in an upstanding position. The corrosive reinforcement is more regrettable when you're twisted around or resting.      Some factors that can make the sphincter unwind unusually include:  Fatty nourishments  Chocolate, caffeine, onions, hot nourishments, mint and a few prescriptions  Alcohol  Large dinners  Lying down not long after eating  Tranquilizers, for example, benzodiazepines including diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax)  Theophylline (Slo-Bid, Theo-Dur), an asthma medicine  Being overweight  Hiatal hernias  Oral contraceptives  Heart drugs The measure of gastric juice delivered by the stomach shifts from individual to individual. Individuals that produce progressively gastric corrosive are alluded to as ‘hyper secretors’. Individuals that produce less gastric corrosive are known to be ‘hypo secretors’. Stomach settling agents can likewise be utilized to help mend duodenal ulcers. These ulcers happen in the upper piece of the digestive organs. They can likewise be joined with different prescriptions to help treat gastric ulcers and heartburn. Acid reflux is for the most part determined to have a total portrayal of the side effects. In extreme cases, a doctor may arrange a barium X beam of the stomach and throat to preclude different issues. A doctor may likewise look at the throat with an endoscope, an instrument that can see the inside of the stomach related tract, and take tissue and liquid examples. There are a few medicines for acid reflux. In gentle cases, over-the-counter meds, for example, stomach settling agents can ... ...mg of Simethicone. This forestalls gas. The inert fixings are butylparaben, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, flavor, hydroxypropyl methycellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, propylparaben, sanitized water, saccharin sodium, and sorbitol.      Mylanta contains the entirety of indistinguishable fixings from Maalox in similar sums with the exception of that it doesn't contain saccharin sodium. In a day, close to 24 teaspoonfuls can be taken.      If you don’t need to take stomach settling agents for indigestion, there are way of life changes that you can make. Stopping smoking or getting thinner can reduce or forestall indigestion. Laying down with the leader of the bed raised 6 in keeps the stomach's substance from streaming go into the throat. Hitting the hay on an unfilled stomach, and decreasing utilization of liquor, fat, chocolate, and peppermint likewise can forestall acid reflux. At long last, eating littler and progressively visit dinners is another way that you can forestall acid reflux. Book reference www.encarta.msn.com/find/concise.asp?ti=761575197&sid=3#s3 â€Å"Digestive System†. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1999. â€Å"The Stomach†. Understudy Reference Library. 1997

the good earth type 2 journal :: essays research papers

The Good Earth Type Two Journalâ€The Good Earthâ€Wang Lung, Olan, Lotus, Uncle â€Å"Are we not to see the moth-browed bride?†Pg.24     Tactless-The uncle is unseemly on the grounds that everybody as of now expects a farmer’s spouse to be ugly and he has no regret to ridicule his nephew. â€Å"This lady is well enough!†Pg.28     Content-Wang Lung gets content with his better half when he discovers that she thinks about him more than any other individual. â€Å"When I come back to that house it will be with my child in my arms. I will have a red coat on him and red-blossomed pants and on his head a cap with a little plated Buddha sewn on the front†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pg.34     Pretentious-Olan is pompous in light of the fact that she needs to show the extraordinary house that she is not, at this point the slave that they knew, yet she is an effective spouse that has borne a solid youthful child. â€Å"Thus everybody will realize I have a son!†Pg.39     Proud-Wang lung is glad to have a child as his first youngster. It is an image of favorable luck, and he needs the expression of his child and favorable luck to be known to everybody. â€Å"I will advise your words to the entire village!† Pg.66     Coercive-The uncle pressures Wang Lung to giving him cash by undermining him to tell the town that Wang Lung reviled his entire family, his fragile living creature and blood. â€Å"My nephew there he has silver and he has food, however he will give none of it to us, not even me, and my kids, who are his own bone and flesh.†Pg.77     Contemptuous-The uncle is gets disdainful after his second visit to Wang Lung requesting cash. After he is dismissed with nothing he endeavors to turn the town upon him their craving constraining them to disdain him for having food. â€Å"There and there and there!†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"That is for a thief!† Pg.119     Reproachful-He is censorious of his kids for deprecating themselves by taking. He doesn't have the foggiest idea how to be glad for somebody that takes. â€Å"There is nothing to sell with the exception of the girl.†Pg.124     Truthful-Olan is honest to Wang Lung by disclosing to him that the best way to return to the land in their present circumstance is to offer their lone young lady to bondage. â€Å"If I had the gold and the silver and the gem, I would purchase land with it, great land, and I would deliver harvests from the land!† Pg.130     Sincere-Wang Lung is genuine in light of the fact that he would not accepting extravagances for himself, yet rather he would yet land that would support all ages to come and would never be removed.

An End

An End Im sitting on my bed, back against the windowsill and sneakered feet dangling off towards the garbage can. Theres a box sitting on my otherwise-empty bookshelf, a shirt and a purse strewn across my desk, an empty closet, a pile of boxes on top of my chest of drawers, and two full suitcases + three gigantic full boxes on the floor. There are sheets on my bed, supporting three pillowcase-less pillows. I cant remember the last time I just sat down and hung out I am totally wiped. Time always accelerates through the end of summer; one day, I was sitting in the office casually analyzing pulsar data, then suddenly I had three days before my final presentation and I had just found out that there was a small magnetic field gradient across the parsec scales of our globular cluster, then it was one day before my presentation and I was throwing a PowerPoint together (two excerpts slides below) and breathing into a paper bag and drinking cup of tea after cup of tea, then suddenly it was the day of my presentation and I was wearing a nice dress and make-up and practicing my talk in the library. At 2:50pm, Carl and his grandma arrived (I invited them.) At 3pm, Raphael gave a talk on his Iapetus research, and then it was 3:30 and I was standing in front of a few dozen professional astronomers (+ Carl and his grandma) explaining and defending my work and occasionally glancing at my research mentor to see if he was smiling or frowning. He was usually smiling. Then my internship was over. I scooped the contents of my desk into a recycling bin, chatted with my mentor about graduate schools (AHHH!!!!!) and fellowships (AHHHHHH!!!!!!), and said goodbye to the NRAO, and the building in which I decided to become an astronomer insteaad of a neurologist. I hopped in Raphaels, went out to dinner, then helped him move all his stuff from his apartment to his car. We drove to the McCormick Public Observatory to give talks, mine on pulsars and Raphaels on the exploration of Mars (title slides below). Carl periodically jumped up to chime in, which was literally the most adorable thing I have ever seen. Then our last public night was over. I unplugged my dongle, put away my laptop, thanked Ed Murphy, and said goodbye to McCormick, the building in which I learned (one year ago!) that I can be both an astronomer and a public educator that being a scientist doesnt prevent you from teaching and reaching out and engaging with the community (I personally think it obligates you.) Then it was time to start (START!!!) packing. I frantically threw stuff into bags, while Raphael helped me out with my laundry. Suddenly, Raphael was struck by the idea that we didnt have to wait until morning to leave we could start driving at NIGHT, make it a few hours, sleep, then continue in the morning. That would break up the driving, and reduce the amount of traffic wed have to deal with. Fine. Finished packing, returned my house keys, hugged my housemates goodbye and suddenly I was no longer living in Charlottesville. I said goodbye to the brick house on Observatory Avenue, where I had spent so many hours with new friends. We started driving. We made it about an hour and a half out, before we decided that we were really too tired and should just find a place to sleep. As we pulled over, Raphael clenched his eyes shut and banged his fist on the dashboard and said something that youre really too young to read. I glanced over. What did you forget? Guess. No idea what? My bike. His nice mountain bike was locked at the brick house on Observatory Avenue. We discussed the options: shipping? Expensive. Eventually I pointed out that we were really just stalling, and that we really just had to go back and get it. So, we turned around, and pulled into a 7/11 to take a power nap. aaaand, just like that, it was 7:30am and sunlight was streaming in the windows. RAPHAEL WAKE UP! Poke poke. We drove back to Charlottesville, got the bike, got breakfast, said goodbye to Charlottesville AGAIN, and tried not to think about the fact that wed been in the car for nearly 12 hours with a net displacement of exactly zero (and that wed just slept outside a 7/11. Whoops.) We stopped periodically for the toilet and a snack, but otherwise pretty much drove straight through Baltimore, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Providence finally, the Boston skyline appeared, and we finagled our way onto Memorial Drive and into New House. Raphael drove like a champ. Im still in awe. Shortly after arriving in New House, I passed out. Then it was Sunday. I got up at noon. Raphael and I went out to brunch with my friend Sophie 14,  then met up with two of his friends from Montana, who just moved to Boston for college. The four of us wandered around the historic district and the North End, before going back to French House to cook dinner together. We made tacos (DELICIOUS!) and salad (DELICIOUS!) then played a round of Dominion (the only important detail here is that I won) before saying goodbye. Monday. We picked up Raphaels aunt from the airport, had a snack at Harvard Square, then picked up my little sister (Lisa 17!) from the airport. We ate an awesome seafood dinner, then met up with Raphaels Montana friends again for another round of hanging out and playing Dominion (I won again.) Tuesday. Today. Raphael and his aunt left theyre going to spend the next five-ish days driving back to Montana (through Montréal! so jealous.) I took Lisa to the student center, to get her new ID card. And now Im sitting on my bed. In three hours, counselor training for PhysPOP (the Physics Departments pre-orientation program) starts. On Sunday, REX (orientation) starts; Im one of the REX chairs for French House, so Ill spend days running around organizing activities and hosting freshmen. When I come up for air, itll be August 29. Ill have a few days to (FINALLY) unpack, before registering for classes (WHAT AM I GOING TO TAKE??) and before I know it, I will officially have begun my senior year. My last year of college. MY LAST YEAR OF COLLEGE. Where am I going to be next year? I have no idea. Oh. My. Goodness. I cant believe it.

Potential And Growth Or Regional Rural Bank - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3844 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Regional Rural Banks: These banks were first set up in the year 1975 particularly to give direct loans and advances to undersized and minor farmers, agricultural laborers as well as to rural artisans and other of small means. The loans are given for productive purposes to the farmers. There were around 196 RRBs which have been lending around Rs. 3600 crores annually by way of loans to rural people. Over 90 percent of the loans of RPBs are given to the weaker sections in rural areas. The regional banks, though basically scheduled commercial banks, differ from the latter in certain respects: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Potential And Growth Or Regional Rural Bank" essay for you Create order The area of regional rural banks is limited to a specified region comprising one or more districts of a State. The regional rural banks grant direct loans and advances only to small and marginal farmers, rural artisans and agricultural laborers and other of small means for productive purposes. The lending rates of the regional rural banks should not be higher than the prevailing lending rates of co-operatives societies in any particular State. The sponsoring banks and the Reserve Bank of India provide many subsidies and concessions to RRBs to enable the latter to function effectively Concessions to RRBs: From the beginning, the sponsor banks have continued to provide managerial and financial assistance to RRBs and also other concessions such as lower rate of interest on the latterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s borrowing from sponsor banks. Further, the cost of staff deputed to RRBs and training expenses of RRB staff are borne by the sponsor banks. The Reserve Bank of India has been granting many concessions to RRBs. Progress of RRBs: There are now 196 regional rural banks in 23 States with 14,500 branches. As at the end of September 1990 the regional rural banks had advanced Rs.3,560 crores by way of short-term crop loans, term loans for agricultural activities, for rural artisans, village and cottage industries, retail trade and self employed, consumption loans etc. Nearly 90 percent of the loans of RRBs, were provided to the weaker sections. State wise Uttar Pradesh found large number of offices. Objectives of RRBs: RRBs had followed instructions given by RBI and Government of India regarding loan policies, procedures, etc. The basic aim of setting up RRBs viz, developing the rural economy by providing credit for the development of agriculture, trade, commerce industry and other productive activities in rural areas, was being fulfilled and RRBs had successfully maintained their image as a small manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bank by confining their credit facilities to the target groups viz, small marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans and small enterprises for productive activities. The recovery position on the whole was not satisfactory. Problems in functioning of RRBs: On account of the many restrictions place on the business they can undertake, RRBs have low earning capacity. The wage and salary scales of RRBs have been rising and, in fact, with the recent award of a tribunal, their scales would approximate those of commercial banks; with the increase in salary scales, an important rationale for the setting up of RRBs has ceased to exist. The sponsoring banks are also running their own rural branches in the very area of operations of the RRBs; this has given rise to certain anamolies and to avoidable expenditure on controls and administration. Regional rural banks were established under the provisions of an ordinance promulgated on the 26th September 1975 and the RRB Act, 1976 with an objective to ensure sufficient institutional credit for agriculture and other rural sectors. The RRBs mobilize financial resources from rural, semi rural areas and grant loans and advances mostly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers and rural artisans. The area of operation of RRBs is limited to the area as notified by GOI covering one or more districts in the state. RRBs are jointly owned by GOI, the concerned state government and sponsor banks (27 scheduled commercial banks and state cooperative bank); the issued capital of a RRB is shared by the owners in the proportion of 50%, 15% and 35% respectively. Importance of the Study Scope of the study OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The study undertaken includes the study of Potential growth or Regional Rural Bank. Along with all this the basic objectives of the study undertaken are as follows: To understand the role of Rural banking in India. To find out those industries which are being facilitated by rural banks. To find out causes and reasons for being successful in micro-financing. To know the expansion rate of rural banking in India. REVIEW LITERATURE Chandrasekhar and Ghosh (1998) Classified the policies of financial liberalization in India in to three types: first, policies to curtail government intervention in the allocation of credit, secondly, policies to dismantle the public sector and foster private banking, and thirdly, policies to lower capital controls on the Indian banking system. Later in 2000, V. K. Ramchandran madhura swaminathan (Indian statistical institute, Kolkata) studied the formal sector of rural credit is the sector in which loan transactions are regulated by legislation and other public policy requirements. The institutions in this sector include commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks, cooperative banks and credit societies, and other registered financial institutions. The informal sector of credit is not regulated by the public authority, and the terms and conditions attached to each loan are personalized, and therefore vary according to the bargaining power of borrowers and lenders in each case. S. L. Shetty (2004) discusses the narrowing of the branch network in rural areas after the onset of financial liberalization. Such an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“institutional vacuum,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? he argues, is likely to affect outcomes of future policies in rural areas, even the new policy for provision of credit through self-help groups. Chandrasekhar and Ray (2004) point To the growing presence of foreign banks in India, their direct presence and their indirect presence through the purchase of shares in existing private banks. This expansion is not good news for the priority sector. When data for scheduled commercial banks are disaggregated by type of bank (public sector banks, regional rural banks, private banks and foreign banks), we find that foreign banks did not lend to rural areas or agriculture. Pallavi Chavan (2004) has examined The growth and regional distribution of rural banking over the period 1975-2002. Chavanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s paper documents the gains made by the historically underprivileged regions of east, north-east, and central India during the period of social and development banking. These gains were reversed in the 1990s: cutbacks in rural bank branches and in rural credit-deposit ratios were steepest in the eastern and north-eastern states of India. Policies of financial liberalization have unmistakably worsened regional inequalities in rural banking in India. History Of The Rural Economic Structure Of India Indian Economy in the Pre-British period:- The Indian economy in the pre-British period consisted of isolated and self-sustaining villages on the one hand, and towns, which were the seats of administration, pilgrimage, commerce and handicrafts, on the other. Means transport communication were highly underdeveloped and so the size of the market was very small.. Industries handicrafts in Pre-British India: The popular belief that India had never been an industrial country, is incorrect. It was true that agriculture was the dominant occupation of its people but the products of Indian industries enjoyed a worldwide reputation. The Muslim of Dacca, the calicos of Bengal, the sarees of Banaras and other cotton fabrics were known to the foreigners. The chief industry spread over the whole country was textile handicrafts. The textile handicrafts includes chintzes of Lucknow, dhotis and dopattas of Ahmedabad, silk, bordered cloth of Nagpur and Murshidabad. In addition to cotton fabrics, the shawls of Kashmir, Amritsar and Ludhiana were very famous. India was also quite well-known for her artistic industries like marble-work, stone-carving, jewellery, brass, copper and bell-metal wares, wood-carving, etc. The cast-iron pillar near Delhi is a testament to the high level of metallurgy that existed in India. In this way Indian industries, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Not only supplied all local wants but also enabled India to export its finished products to foreign countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Agricultural Impact on National Economy Agriculture is a backbone of the Indian Economy. It is important to note that importance is given to industrialization in last four decades, agriculture is largest industry in the country. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION The agricultural sector as a whole is estimated to record a real growth rate of 6.6 per cent during 1998-99. The overall growth in agricultural production during 1998-99 has been provisionally estimated at 6.8 per cent, as against a negative growth rate of (-) 5.4 per cent during 1997-98.img_agr Foodgrains Production The production of kharif foodgrains estimated at 102.5 million tonnes during 1998 showed a marginal growth of 1.4 per cent over the production achieved (101.1 million tonnes) in 1997. The rabi foodgrains production for 1998-99 is expected to go up to 98.4 million tonnes compared to 91.3 million tonnes in 1997-98. The foodgrains production is estimated to be 200.9 million tonnes in 1998-99 compared to 192.4 million tonnes during 1997-98, recording an impressive increase by 4.4 per centimg_food Agricultural Production-Major crops (in million tonnes) Year 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Crops Achiev-ement Target Achievement % change over 1995-96 Target Achiev-ement % change over 1996-97 Target Produ-ction (Adv. Est.) % change over 1997-98 Rice 77.0 81.0 81.7 6.1 83.0 82.3 0.7 84.2 84.5 2.7 Wheat 62.1 65.0 69.4 11.8 68.5 65.9 (-) 5.0 70.0 70.6 7.1 Coarse Cereals 29.0 29.0 32.5 34.1 17.6 33.5 31.1 (-) 8.8 34.3 30.6 Pulses 12.3 15.0 14.2 15.4 15.0 13.1 (-) 7.7 15.5 15.2 16.0 Total Foodgr-ains 180.4 193.5 199.4 10.5 200.0 192.4 (- 3.5 204.0 200.9 4.4 Oilseeds 22.1 23.0 24.4 10.4 25.5 22.0 (-) 9.8 27.0 25.3 15.0 Sugarca-ne 281.1 270.0 277.6 (-) 1.2 280.0 276.3 (-) 10.5 300.0 282.7 2.3 Cotton* 12.9 13.0 14.2 10.0 14.8 11.1 (-) 21.8 14.8 13.3 19.8 * Million bales of 170 kg. each. Agricultural Exports and Imports Agriculture Exports The share of exports of agriculture and allied products in the total exports had declined marginally, from 18.9 per cent during 1997-98 to 17.8 per cent during 1998-99. During the same period, the value of exports of agriculture and allied products amounted to US$ 5,994 million, showing a decline of 9.6 per cent from a level of US$ 6,634 million in 1997-98. Major items of agricultural exports were basmati and non-basmati rice, raw cotton, meat, oilmeals, tea, coffee, unmanufactured tobacco, cashew, spices, fresh and processed fruits and juices, vegetables and marine products, etc. Agriculture Imports Agricultural imports related to food and other items constituted 5.8 per cent of the total imports during 1998-99, as against 4.0 per cent during corresponding period of the previous year. Important agricultural items imported during the year were vegetable oils (edible), sugar, wheat and fruits nuts. During 1998-99, the volume of agricultural imports aggregated US$ 2,409 million, as against US$ 1,678 million during the corresponding period of the previous year, recording a growth of 43.6 per cent. Agricultural markets: There were 7,062 agricultural regulated markets operating in India, 162 agricultural commodities considered for grading standards and 3,253 cold storage with capacity of 8.73 million tonnes as on end March 1998. Role Of Rural Banking in Agriculture and in Indian Economy Agriculture for Industrial Development: Indian agriculture has been the source of supply of raw materials to our leading industries. Cotton and jute, textiles, sugar, plantationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  all these directly depend on agricultural output. There are many industries, which depend on agriculture indirectly. Many of our small scale and cottage industries like handlooms, oil crushing, etc depend on agriculture for their raw materials. But then, in recent years, agriculture is losing its significance to industries such as iron and steel, engineering, chemicals, etc. However in recent years, the importance of food processing industries is being increasing recognized both for generation of income and generation of employment. Agriculture in economic planning: Importance of agriculture in the national economy is indicated by many facts. For example, agriculture is main support for transport sector as railways and roadways secure bulk of their business from the movement of agricultural goods. Further it is seen that good crops implying large purchasing power with the farmers lead to greater demand for manufactures and therefore better prices. In other words prosperity of farmers is also the prosperity of the industries and vice-versa. Agriculture is backbone of the Indian economy and the prosperity of agriculture can also stand for the prosperity of the economy. At the same time it is true that per capita productivity in agriculture is less than in the industry. Many scholars think that so long as the Indian Economy is dominated by agricultural activity, per capita income will not rise to an extent, which is necessary and desirable Structure of Rural Credit In India à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In the village itself no form of credit organization will be suitable except the Co-operative Societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Co-operation has failed, but co-operation must succeed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? All-India Rural Credit Survey National Policy Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Aim: Agricultural credit is one of the most crucial inputs in all agricultural development programmes. From olden days private money-lenders are main sources of credit towards agricultural or rural products . The basic aim of this Policy is as follows:- a. To ensure timely sufficient flow of credit to the farming sector; b. To avoid money-lender chain from rural scene. c. To reduce regional imbalance through their credit facilities. d. To provide larger credit support to areas covered by special programmes. e.g. National Oilseeds Development Project. SOURCES OF RURAL CREDIT There are mainly two sources available to the farmers private agencies institutional. Private agencies means relatives, landlords, agricultural moneylenders, professional private moneylenders, traders commission agents, others. Where institutional agencies are a. commercial banks, b. the state bank, c. co-operative societies land mortgage banks d. agricultural finance Corporation. Private agencies giving 93% of the total credit requirements in 1951-52 and institutional sources including government giving for only 7% of the total credit needs. But in 1960-61, the share of private agencies came down to 81.3 which was as follows:- Relatives 8.8%, Landlords 0.6%, Agricultural moneylenders 36.0, Professional private moneylenders 13.2%, traders commission agents 8.8%, other sources 13.9. that time institutionals sources were 18.7 and the break up was government 2.6%, Co-operative 15.5%, Commercial banks 0.6%. As per the All India Debt and Investment Survey (1981), estimated that the share of private agencies had further slumped to about 37% share of institutional credit jumped to 63% break up was 30% of co-operative 29% of commercial banks. Government Reserve Bank of India is supporting commercial bank co-operatives to meet the growing demand for agricultural credit. Role of reserve bank of India in development of rural banks RBI had shown keen interest in agricultural credit and maintained a separate department for this purpose. RBI extended short-term seasonal credit as well as medium-term and long-term credit to agriculture through State level co-operative banks and land developments banks. RBI had also set up the Agricultural Refinance Development Corporation (ARDC) to provide refinance support to the banks to promote programmes of agricultural development, particularly those requiring term credit. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a systematic way, which consists of series of action steps, necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired sequencing to these steps. The marketing research is a process which involves a no. of inter-related activities, which overlap and do rigidly follow a particular sequence. It consists of the following steps:- Formulating the objective of the study Designing the methods of data collection Selecting the sample plan Collecting the data Processing and analyzing the data Reporting the findings Objective of Study Research Design Sample Design Data Collection Data Analysis Report of findings RESEARCH DESIGN Research design specifies the methods and procedures for conducting a particular study. A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of the data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Research design is broadly classified into three types as Exploratory Research Design Descriptive Research Design Causal Research Design DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN: Descriptive research studies are those studies which are concerned with described the characteristics of particular individual. In descriptive as well as in diagnostic studies, the researcher must be able to define clearly, what he wants to measure and must find adequate methods for measuring it along with a clear cut definition of population he want to study. Since the aim is to obtain complete and accurate information in the said studies, the procedure to be used must be carefully planned. The research design must make enough provision for protection against bias and must maximize reliability, with due concern for the economical completion of the research study. SAMPLE DESIGN A Sample Design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the technique to the procedure adopted in selecting items for the sampling designs are as below: SAMPLE SIZE Sample method Survey period SAMPLE SIZE: The substantial portions of the target customer that are sampled to achieve reliable result are 94. The cost and time limitation completed me to select 94 respondents as sample size SAMPLING METHOD: In this marketing research project, I am using Non probability sampling method SAMPLE DESIGN As complete enumeration of all the members of the population (Member and Non-member) I have understate sampling technique. SAMPLE SIZE 94 Customers SAMPLE TYPE AREA SAMPLING Sample area Agra SAMPLE SELECTION Simple random selection sampling SAMPLE TECHNIQUE I have taken the Statistical tool of percentage method to analysis and interpretation of the collected data. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 1. Rural Banking has been a parallel banking stream in Indian Banking System. Response No % 1 Strongly agree 2 2 2 Agree 15 16 3 Neutral 19 20 4 Disagree 21 22 5 Strongly disagree 37 40 Fig.1: parallel banking Interpretation: Till today date rural banking is not able to compete with those of commercial banks. as 40% people are in against of this statement. 2. Rural Banking has contributed to economic growth equivalent to Commercial Banking Response No % 1 Strongly agree 1 1 2 Agree 5 5 3 Neutral 12 13 4 Disagree 32 34 5 Strongly disagree 44 47 Fig.2: economic growth Interpretation: Rural banking has not contributing equivalent to the commercial bank. Only 47% respondents are not in favour of this statement. 3.Rural Banking in India has been so far neglected by the Financial System Response No % 1 Strongly agree 35 37 2 Agree 13 14 3 Neutral 20 21 4 Disagree 14 15 5 Strongly disagree 12 13 Fig.3 neglected by the Financial System Interpretation: This chart is showing that most of the people think that rural banking is not being supported by commercial bank. 4. Rural Banking is risky venture as a business avenue. Response No % 1 Strongly agree 39 42 2 Agree 36 38 3 Neutral 10 11 4 Disagree 7 7 5 Strongly disagree 2 2 Fig.4 Risky venture Interpretation: Rural Banking is risky venture as a business avenue which is supported by 42 % respondents. 5. Commercial banks entered in to Rural Banking business voluntarily. Response No % 1 Strongly agree 15 16 2 Agree 19 20 3 Neutral 30 32 4 Disagree 11 12 5 Strongly disagree 19 20 Fig.5 commercial bank entrance Interpretation: Commercial banks entered in to Rural Banking business voluntarily. This statement is showing ambiguity. 6. Rural Banking has been successful in upliftment of the living standards of the poor people. Response No % 1 Strongly agree 29 31 2 Agree 32 34 3 Neutral 25 27 4 Disagree 6 6 5 Strongly disagree 2 2 Fig.6 Living standard Interpretation: Most of the people feel that rural bank has helped to living standard to grow, 34% respondents were agree with this statement. 7. Rural Banking has created sustainable development for rural people. Response No % 1 Strongly agree 14 15 2 Agree 27 29 3 Neutral 35 37 4 Disagree 12 13 5 Strongly disagree 6 6 Fig.7 sustainable development Interpretation: For developing the rural people rural banking is not successful, chart is showing 6% people were strongly disagreee with this statement. 8. Rural Banking shall emerge an equally commercially viable business stream in near future.. Response No % 1 Strongly agree 10 10 2 Agree 15 16 3 Neutral 28 30 4 Disagree 30 32 5 Strongly disagree 11 12 Fig.8 commercially viable business stream in near future.. Interpretation: 32% people are disagree with this statement and theythink that rural bank is not successful in this area. 9. Rural Banking has tremendous growth potential in Indian perspectives. Response No % 1 Strongly agree 11 12 2 Agree 23 24 3 Neutral 39 41 4 Disagree 9 10 5 Strongly disagree 12 13 Fig.9 tremendous growth Interpretation: Rural Banking has tremendous growth potential in Indian perspectives, 41% people are neutral with this point. 10.Less profitable Response No % 1 Strongly agree 21 22 2 Agree 18 19 3 Neutral 23 25 4 Disagree 17 18 5 Strongly disagree 15 16 Fig.10 Profitability Interpretation: Most of the people think that rural banking is less profitable, and 22% people are agree with this. FINDINGS This survey finds that rural banking has not been a parallel banking stream in Indian banking system even today. Contribution of Rural banking is not as significant as commercial bank, economic growth. Today also rural banking in India has been so far neglected by the financial system. Rural banking is becoming more risky ventures to step up in and that too in Business Avenue. Standards of poor people can be better boosted up and can be levered through rural banking. Rural Banking has created sustainable development for rural people. The near future shall be supporting rural banking as commercial business stream. Because of parting lesser profit and high of installation distribution of branches of the rural bank it faced lesser success. Because of the variability in the literacy and the status of the local customers it is very difficult to customize the product. People hesitate to take the services through banking because of lack of trust and time consuming facilities. Rural Banking shall not emerge an equally commercially viable business stream in near future. Recommendations suggestions As per the above evaluation of the major problems and issues relating to the rural financial system I can submit the following observations recommendations: Government support: to give proper guidance and knowledge to the local people government support is important. Integration with commercial bank: commercial banks are having more creditability among the customers so integration should be there of that rural banks with commercial bank. Awareness among the people: local people believe more on indigenous bankers cause of lack awareness, for this program must be organized. Agent system: In rural banking there should be agent system exists because the people who are shy in nature and donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t feel comfortable to go at bank and are unable to share their problem. Technology advancement: Now this is the age of technology so the infrastructure of rural bank should be modified, and new technical machines should be used like computer, printer, calculation machines, counting machines etc. Attractive offerings: whatever the product, policies rural banks are having they should be attractive, understandable, believable. Conclusion Agriculture and its associated activities are found constituting the economic base and the main source of livelihood and employment for the people in the state. However, unprecedented growth of population on one hand and decreasing rate of available agriculture land along with degradation of supporting natural resources as required for sustaining crop productivity on the other have been seriously forcing the problems of sustaining livelihood for farming communities. It is becoming difficult to do the farming activity without external or internal sources. In this context the significance of extending non-farm sector becomes only alternative but it also required finance assistance for its development. Means a lot of hard work government awareness is required to flow the finance assistance in Rural Economy. But various schemes which are provided by the various banks government should be specific in its eligibility criteria to stop the misuse of these funds by large farmers and to ensure that the credit reaches the farmers who are in need of finance. Questionnaire Respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Profile: Name: . Phone No.: .. E-mail: . Address: Gender: .. Organizational Experience: ..    Attributes / Statements Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Total 1 Rural Banking has been a parallel banking stream in Indian Banking System 2 Rural Banking has contributed to economic growth equivalent to Commercial Banking 3 Rural Banking in India has been so far neglected by the Financial System 4 Rural Banking is a risky venture as a business avenue. 5 Commercial Banks entered into Rural Banking business voluntarily. 6 Rural Banking has been successful in upliftment of the living standards of the poor people. 7 Rural Banking has created sustainable development for rural people. 8 Rural Banking shall emerge an equally commercially viable business stream in near future. 9 Rural Banking has tremendous growth potential in Indian perspectives.

Christianity Christian Or Pagan - 1264 Words

Christian or Pagan? What if Paul had not converted to Christianity? Paul is the reason why we have Christianity today. On his trail to becoming Christian, he faced a lot of challenges one being thrown into prison, but it did not stop him from perusing what he believed in. So if Paul had never converted to Christianity, it would not have spread to the Roman Empire, and it would have never been legalized, therefore it would not be a common religion today. Saint Paul was born in 2 AD in Tarsus, Cilicia, modern-day Turkey. Saint Paul went by many different names, some being St. Paul of Tarsus, and the Apostle to the Gentles. During his early years he was Jewish and was trained as a rabbi. Later in life, Paul decided to convert to†¦show more content†¦Paul listened to what Jesus told him to do and he eventually converted to Christianity. After converting, he regained his vision and fought for Christianity. After seeing him convert, the Jewish community viewed him with hostility and sometimes suspicion. Paul s main goal was to take Christianity from Jerusalem throughout the eastern parts of the Roman Empire. Though the future of Christianity did not look promising, St. Paul still thrived to legalize and spread the religion. Paul found Christianity important to him because he claimed it had a message for everyone and everything in the world. Paul s actions affected many people, in a god way, that lived after him.. He composed many doctrines (principles or rules) of the church and interpreted the words and teachings of Jesus for his followers throughout Asia Minor, Greece, and other areas around the Mediterranean Sea (World Religion Reference Library). If it were not for Paul, Christian churches probably would not have survived. After converting to Christianity, Paul s main goal was to spread the religion from Jerusalem to the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, and eventually capital itself. He had a vision that the new religion had a message that was app ealing to everyone, not just the Jews. His dealt with many punishments, some being: beating, stoning, imprisonment, etc., but he still found a way to spread the religion and legalize it in the

Secret to Success Free Essays

Everybody wants to judge themselves to the lens of a moment. They want to be cool right now and they are asking themselves, â€Å"What’s the least I need to do to feel invigorated? What’s the least I need to do to be successful?† Once I stopped asking these questions and I started thinking about really who I could become and really harnessing the human ability to adapt what people need to ascertain. Humans have become the apex predator not by being the toughest, not even by being the most intelligent but rather by being the most adaptive to change and when you realize all of us are born with nothing. We will write a custom essay sample on Secret to Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our job isn’t to be peerless today. It is to build ourselves brick by brick and that is what separates the illustrious from everyone else. It’s about actually delivering a result. We all have things that we’re believing for, dreams that we want to attain but sometimes as it goes on month after month even year after year, we don’t see anything changing. It’s easy to get disheartened and think, â€Å"This is never going to happen. I’ll just learn to live with it.† We all go through despondency, setbacks, and loss. Pain is a part of life; they don’t leave us the same. Now, how it changes you is up to you. The challenge is don’t just go through it, grow through it. There will always be forces trying to induce us to settle where we are. Life has a way of pushing our dreams down. They can become buried under discouragement, past mistakes, and low self-esteem. It’s easy to settle from mediocrity even though we have all this potential obscured on the inside. Turn it all around and remember our aspirations. Stop worrying about the echo and start cogitating about the shout. Believe in who you can become tomorrow and let every day until the day you drop. Be about ringing that potential out of yourself, building something and becoming competent of something today that you weren’t capable of yesterday of asking yourself how far you can go of becoming obsessed with that process and no longer thinking about the end. When you assimilate the difference between no longer focusing on being a titleholder and instead of delivering a championship performance, everything changed because it’s the people who build themselves into someone who can give championship performances that win. The people you see who are victorious are the ones who tough grind every single day. They’re the ones who have decided to keep working on enriching themselves and their work every time someone told them they weren’t good enough or they weren’t what they were looking for; the ones who never took no for an answer, who kept pushing forward when the world was telling them to quit because those were the people with a vision and a dream. These are the secrets to success, never giving up even when the cards are all dealt against you because they are just human. They had a goal but they didn’t stop pursuing it, no matter what life threw their way. Having a strong will is a must and don’t take no for an answer if it’s what you really want. That’s how you make it and that’s how you become successful. How to cite Secret to Success, Papers

Strategic Information System Reckon Accounting Software

Question: Describe about the Strategic Information System for Reckon Accounting Software. Answer: Introduction The literature review depicts the values and usefulness of accounting software namely as Reckon, in medium to large commercial organizations. The Accounting software package is an instant of computer programs that enables business organizations to manage their financial transactions (reckon.com 2016). The scope of improvement and development for this software is also very high than any other packages. The literature review will critically analyze the history of software accountings. In order to reduce the rate of human errors, disruption and data related mistakes adaptation and development of accounting software is enhancing at a large scale in Australia and all over the world. The review will demonstrate the ways in which large and medium enterprises are utilizing the accounting software. Apart from this, the current market size and tough competitions facing by Reckon will also be mentioned. History of accounting software In previous days, the financial departments of medium and large organizations were commonly used traditional accounting system to manage their accounts (Bahador and Haider 2014). In order to generate automatic payroll management system computerized accounting system was implemented in medium and large organizations. This system was first generated by Arthur Anderson Consultancy well-known as Accenture (Miller, Smith and Smith 2013). Reckon software accounting company gives cloud based accounting software to medium sized organizations. The company was introduced in the year of 1987 and the first accounting software version was implemented in 2003 namely as Quicken. Initially, the accounting system was maintained by the employees belonging to the financial departments of different organizations (Stefanou and Athanasaki 2012). However, official usage of accounting software was implemented in the year of 1990 (Lim and Perrin 2014). The implementation of software accounting system becomes necessary while it was found that the traditional fie handing system has become obsolete. Development and adaptation of accounting software While, accounting software has become geographically specified that time, by developing cloud based software enhanced the global level of financial operations. According to the enhancing demand of accounting software the market is improving globally (Van der Stede 2015). Not only this but also business specified accounting software Reckon is appreciated by all of its users. Though, initially all the features were not supportive but gradually, with increasing budget for research and development of accounting software the system was developed accordingly. Over last three decades, the team of Reckon is providing accounting software solution to the enterprises of Australia and New Zealand as well (Bahador and Haider 2014). In order to change the behavior Reckon launched cloud based software in 2013. It is a computerized spreadsheet that is easy to manage and handle by almost all the employees of the financial and audit department. During research and development it is found HubSpot and inbound marketing methodologies collectively helped the small organizations to achieve rapid rate of commercial growth. It also provided effective and efficient opportunity to the enterprises to develop the functionality with digital simplicity. Pandey (2014) stated that, many tools were used to convert impractical software solutions to a practical one but they are still not as efficient as reckon is. According to Curtis and Averis (2014) Reckon is one of the very new and advanced online software accounting package. Moreover, this is a long time distributor of desktop software. Different modules such as payment, transaction are also added to this software and due to presence of cheap programs this is mostly preferred. The framework and design and is easily adoptable and it is the only cloud based accounting program operates different financial data in Australia and New Zealand (Stefanou and Athanasaki 2012). It has several opera tional options such as automatic banking, unlimited invoice or feedback regardless of geographical boundary and payment transaction. Analysis of the current market size of Reckon From the market analysis it has been discovered that, Reckon accounting software package works very efficiently and simply and better than other accounting software. The features include free and automatic updates. It also reduces the overall cost of IT infrastructure (reckon.com 2016). The users need not to pay extra to use this software and it has a facility of twenty four hour service. It also has toll free support for all its consumers. All required safety and privacy technologies are associated to this software. From a survey it has been found that Reckon has turned to its revenue from $18 Million to $57 Million in six months only. The growth is strictly focused on the volume and it is continuously offering global expansion with international reach. Miller, Smith and Smith (2013) opined that, EBITDA is constantly monitoring Reckon and the existing business has moves from $4.00 Million to $6.45 Million within 3 years. Particularly, in case of online products the revenue reached 68 Million (Alamin et al. 2015). The subscription based revenue has reached 16% to $36.3 Million. As the revenue is growing at a large rate the number of consumer is also attaching accordingly. Small and medium enterprises are strategically developing the utilization of accounting software packages generating by Reckon (Ji and Lu 2014). The strategic momentum is enhancing and the software development package has proved it stable upcoming future. Identification of the leaders in the market who gives competitive advantages In order to choose the best suited accounting software for an organization many factors come under consideration. At first the supplier website and the pricing features are analyzed. All over the world over 1.0 million consumers are spontaneously using the Reckon accounting software packages to handle their financial management system. Each and every supplier offers different opportunity to different banking enterprises. Stefanou and Athanasaki (2012) stated that, based on the price distribution add on functionalities are different for different software packages. The competitors to Reckon are as follows: Features Reckon Xero Quickbooks MYOB Basic with different add on Starter Essential Essential Monthly Cost $20 $25 $25 $35 User permission Multiple users Multiple users Multiple users Multiple users Cloud based yes yes yes yes Feedback yes yes yes yes Expensive yes yes yes yes Payroll management system yes yes yes yes Time sheet solution yes yes yes yes Mobile access Possible Possible Possible Possible Table 1: Competitors to Reckon (Source: McManus 2013, pp-145) Identification of current gaps and challenges encountered by different users During analysis many issues are encountered relevant to accounting software packages. Though the technology associates different challenges but still for small businesses this is one of the best options. The challenges relevant to this are as follows: Cost: Most of the business accounting software is reasonable and affordable by banking enterprises. It also needs basic or standard for digital systems such as the RAM, speed of the processor, memory management and hard drive (Miller, Smith and Smith 2013). Therefore, if any single feature is found to be attacked then, the entire process will be in vain. Time management: Time management is another factor that comes under consideration while implementing accounting software packages (Dunbar, Laing and Wynder 2016). Sometimes, the processing took more than expected times if inappropriate application and timely management is neglected by the users. Difficulties: Some of the accounting software is designed for non accountant purposes. If any of an organization elected one of that software then, handling of those will be threat to the users (Miller, Smith and Smith 2013). Improper setup of accounting and incorrect implementation might create major issues. Maintenance: The maintenance of this software took 60% of total efficiency. If any innovations took place within the software then, maintenance charge will increase accordingly. If the users do not spend the required time and money for the up gradation, then, it can create major issue (reckon.com 2016). Suggestions and recommendations Many issues are associated to the accounting software packages and those are needed to be resolved by introducing some digital features to it. These are as follows: Cost and simplicity: Reckon is not costly but while any kind of cloud based innovation is needed to be added to it the cost increases sharply. Sometimes, the cloud services and other subscription planning lock the entire financial system. Switching between the systems also become difficult and the complexity increases. Thus, simplicity is required so that all the employees form the financial department can handle it. Backup: The backup property is not manageable thus, this feature should be added to Reckon accounting software package. Inventory management: The software must be capable of inventory management so that monitoring becomes easier. Integration: The payroll management should be well integrated so that employees can check for the past and present payment details whenever required. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, Reckon has now become one of the most widely used accounting software package for small enterprises. The traditional method of financial management and the advanced utilization is mentioned in this literature review. The development and adaptation of accounting software is mentioned in this literature review. In addition to this, how different SMEs are adopting Reckon accounting software is mentioned in this literature review. The current market size of Reckon accounting software package and different challenges that are facing by the enterprises are mentioned in this literature review. References Alamin, A., Yeoh, W., Warren, M. and Salzman, S., 2015, January. An empirical study of factors influencing accounting information systems adoption. InProceedings of the Twenty-Third European Conference on Information Systems. ECIS. Bahador, K. and Haider, A., 2014.Skillset to Assimilate Information Technologies in Accounting SMEs(Doctoral dissertation, IGI Global). Curtis, V. and Averis, L., 2014.Bookkeeping For Dummies-Australia/NZ. John Wiley Sons. Dunbar, K., Laing, G. and Wynder, M., 2016. A Content Analysis of Accounting Job Advertisements: Skill Requirements for Graduates.The E-Journal of Business Education Scholarship of Teaching,10(1), p.58. Ji, X.D. and Lu, W., 2014. The value relevance and reliability of intangible assets: Evidence from Australia before and after adopting IFRS.Asian Review of Accounting,22(3), pp.182-216. Lim, N. and Perrin, B., 2014. Standard Business Reporting in Australia: Past, Present, and Future.Australasian Journal of Information Systems,18(3). McManus, L., 2013. Customer accounting and marketing performance measures in the hotel industry: Evidence from Australia.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, pp.140-152. Miller, F.L., Smith, K.T. and Smith, L.M., 2013. Development of and student reactions to an international accounting GIS case problem.International Journal of Teaching and Case Studies,4(3), pp.195-217. Pandey, U., 2014. Context based document classification and analysis. reckon.com, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.reckon.com/au/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Stefanou, C.J. and Athanasaki, M.T., 2012, June. Management Accounting Practices in ERP Environments: A Research Agenda. InProceedings of the 9th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics. Stefanou, C.J. and Athanasaki, M.T., 2012, June. Management Accounting Practices in ERP Environments: A Research Agenda. InProceedings of the 9th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics. Van der Stede, W.A., 2015. Management accounting: Where from, where now, where to?.Journal of Management Accounting Research,27(1), pp.171-176.

Witchcraft Religion Essay Example For Students

Witchcraft Religion Essay Since in this view, societal needs are mediated by individual agents responding, holding attitudes, and acting such a need fulfillment theory reduces to a psychological one. Every important custom has its pragmatic or emotional value for some members of the society, or else it falls into disuse and is forgotten. To reduce all actions to satisfying needs seems slightly simplistic. Many customs are observed today despite their original function now being long obsolete: no doubt many convinced atheists still throw spilt salt over their left shoulder, but in no way believe that this is because Beelzebub himself is standing behind them. We will write a custom essay on Witchcraft Religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Furthermore, conclusions based upon the psychological makeup of people in the distant past are problematical because it is very hard to make the jump from what the sources tell us to what assumptions about the world actually lay behind them. As much as the anthropologist, studying cultures which are distant in space, the historian studying cultures distant in time must overcome a considerable difference in language, where the subtler meanings of words may be lost on the outside observer. Thomas does attempt to recreate the mental world of witch belief, and probably gets close to how it actually was, but there is no way of absolutely verifying his ideas. As such, with his anthropologically-informed conclusions resting at least in part upon his reconstruction of past mentalities, Thomas conclusions seem to have a potentially weak foundation. Religion and the Decline of Magic undoubtedly profits in some way at least from its borrowings from anthropology. Some of its main conclusions owe much to anthropological conclusions, and these are not simply forced upon history without the cross-examination of historical evidence. In the last resort this is a work of history drawing upon anthropology, not of anthropological conclusions imposed upon the past as part of some general positivist scheme. It is, however, far from perfect. The examples used, while numerous, are given in a sentence or two, which cannot hope to relate the full implications of the source being employed, and might simply be distortions of the facts to back up the scheme Thomas attempts to describe. The whole survey seems slightly lopsided as a result of the consideration of mainly anthropologically-informed conclusions, and some of the conclusions which he does draw seem to have their share of weaknesses. All of this is harsh criticism, though, especially as very few books (and this would be one of them) claim to tell the whole story. Thomas does show that anthropology can open up a number of routes of enquiry which may well have been obscure to conventional historians, and indeed to shed light on historical events. He may have gone a little too far in his borrowings, but he does not write bad history by any means. In the opinion of E. P. Thompson, Religion and the Decline of Magic is, an immensely important and stimulating book BIBLIOGRAPHY G. R. Elton, The Practice of History (London 1987) C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (London 1993) H. Geertz, An Anthropology of religion and Magic, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 6 (1975) K. Thomas, History and Anthropology, Past and Present, 24 (1963) K. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London 1971) E. P. Thompson, Anthropology and the Discipline of Historical Context, Midland History, 1 (1971).

Calculate Concentration of Ions in Solution

Calculate Concentration of Ions in Solution This worked example problem illustrates the steps necessary to calculate the concentration of ions in an aqueous solution in terms of molarity.  Molarity is one of the most common units of concentration. Molarity is measured in  number of moles  of a substance per unit volume.   Question a. State the concentration, in moles per liter, of each ion in 1.0 mol Al(NO3)3.b. State the concentration, in moles per liter, of each ion in 0.20 mol K2CrO4. Solution Part a.  Dissolving 1 mol of Al(NO3)3 in water dissociates into 1 mol Al3 and 3 mol NO3- by the reaction: Al(NO3)3(s) → Al3(aq) 3 NO3-(aq) Therefore: concentration of Al3 1.0 Mconcentration of NO3- 3.0 M Part b.  K2CrO4 dissociates in water by the reaction: K2CrO4 → 2 K(aq) CrO42- One mol of K2CrO4 produces 2 mol of K and 1 mol of CrO42-. Therefore, for a 0.20 M solution: concentration of CrO42- 0.20 Mconcentration of K 2Ãâ€"(0.20 M) 0.40 M Answer Part a.Concentration of Al3 1.0 MConcentration of NO3- 3.0 M Part b.Concentration of CrO42- 0.20 MConcentration of K 0.40 M

Analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis - Essay Example 5. Certain policies of the government that might affect the economy and hence, the market or industry under consideration. One reason why it becomes very important to consider GDP in case of UK is that UK is a developed country. The infrastructure and the high end technology available in UK come at a higher cost than that in the developing countries. The expenditure increases due to non-availability of cheap labor. Thus, to support the ‘relatively’ high manufacturing costs, the GDP should be ‘relatively’ higher so that the profit is not affected. The GDP of UK was severely affected by recession. Though a lot of newspapers reported the rise in GDP by more than 0.4% in the fourth quarter last year, the GDP had dipped by 6% during recession (The Herald 2010). Does that mean that the spending has declined? Not much. The savings ratio has been declining along with the decline in GDP (guardian.co.uk 2010). Hence, the spending of citizens of UK has not been affected much. But another factor to worry about is the increase in VAT (Value Added Tax). To reduce the fiscal deficit, which went up during recession, the UK government has increased Value Added Tax from 15% to 17.5% (Dalong 2009). All confectionery items are VAT-able items. The cost of chocolates will increase. But how much will this affect the consumption of chocolates? To gain popularity in the UK confectionery market, it would be sensible to sell chocolates at a lower profit margin rather than increasing the prices because of the increase in VAT. ‘Cadbury’s’, which enjoyed a share of more than 30% of the UK confectionery market until last year, made the mistake of increasing the price of its ‘Dairy Milk’ bars. This led to a drop in the consumption of Cadbury’s products and their market shares dropped. Thus, it would be sensible to sell chocolates at lower price until the brand gains popularity and recognition and until UK completely recovers from reces sion (tutor2u 2009). The

Is Eminent Domain as Practiced Today a Violation of the Takings Clause Essay

Is Eminent Domain as Practiced Today a Violation of the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the US Constitution - Essay Example It has commonly been argued that eminent domain is a violation of the taking clause of the fifth amendment of the US constitution. The Taking Clause of the US Constitution The purpose of the taking clause featured in the US constitution is to bar the government from forcibly making some people bear public burdens, which is a responsibility of the entire public (Funk 123). On the other hand, the takings clause fully requires compensation whenever a government takes away private property and converts it for public use. Eminent domain gives the government power to take such property, even without fully compensating the private owners, which is contrary to the Fifth Amendment (Greenhut 65). The fourteenth and fifth amendments’ taking clauses of the constitution have similar meaning and effect. However, owners of property can enjoy more protection from the Fifth Amendment takings. Proponents of eminent domain believe that the US constitution’s Fifth Amendment takings clause does not prohibit the government from taking private property (Donahue 32). The requirement of public use is normally viewed like a restriction on the power of government over eminent domain as proponents of eminent domain believe. ... The situation of many individuals that have their properties taken by the government is normally made worse given that some of these properties are what they consider a lifetime investment and therefore beyond monetary value. In this respect, eminent domain denies individuals the right to enjoy whatever they have worked for irrespective of how much treasured their investments are to them (Sheldom 24). This as a result lowers the motivation of hardworking citizens who always live in fear considering that their properties may be taken at any time and without warning. Eminent domain has been applied blatantly with power-hungry and utilitarian justifications. Such events occur for example where large companies that remit more taxes to the government are favored against individuals or smaller organizations to an extent that properties are seized from the later unjustifiably for the benefit of the larger companies as noted by Ryskamp (35). This sometimes is done out of the consideration th at larger companies create more employment opportunities compared to smaller ones. Unfortunately the application of eminent domain in this respect is flawed as it considers individuals as fungible or substitutable objects. When the government seizes property based on such logic, it means that the government cares not for the welfare of those whose lives are ruined as a result against the constitutional implication that the individual’s right is absolute. Some quarters have reasoned that eminent domain helps in the redistribution of property and helps in creating equality and equity in the sharing of resources among nationals. This idea is further propagated based on the reasoning that the government helps in

Type 2 Diabetes Health Inequalities

Type 2 Diabetes Health Inequalities This paper will discuss diabetes mellitus, which is a chronic medical condition that worsens over time. The levels of glucose in the blood become too high because the body cannot use it properly. The pancreas fails to produce enough of the hormone insulin which controls the levels of glucose (WHO, 2002a). If diabetes is not treated, it can lead to heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, lower limb amputation, sexual dysfunction, and pregnancy complications in women (Diabetes UK, 2009). The paper will review health inequalities in people with diabetes living in the UK from the ethnic minority of the south Asian community (SAC). The focus will be on the most common preventable type 2 diabetes (T2D) in this community. This community is at higher risk of developing T2D, and cultural practices, for instance fasting if not managed appropriately makes their condition to become worsened. The community comprises a heterogeneous group of people of Afghanistan, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan origin that have different language, religion, culture and rates of diabetes especially T2D and live in all areas of the UK (Qiao, et al, 2003; Mohan, 2006; Katulanda, 2006, 2008). Their clustering in certain areas reflect the migration patterns such as a high intensity of Indians in the East and West Midlands as well as in Greater London, fairly low proportion of Pakistanis in Greater London and a high intensity in West Yorkshire and West Midlands (Raymond, 2009). Those of Bangla deshi origin are established mostly in Greater London particularly in Tower Hamlets with growing numbers in the West Midlands (Grace, 2008). The condition is not equally impacted upon every person in our society and considerable inequalities are present in the risk of disease development, access to health services and service quality, and in health outcomes in particular those with T2D. Since health is unequally distributed within and between populations, a health inequality arises where variations in health status exist or in the allocation of health determinants amongst various population groups. Also it can be from unjust or unfair differences in health determinants or outcomes within or between defined populations. An increased risk of developing diabetes is witnessed in those who are overweight, physically inactive or got a family history of diabetes. The UK is facing a huge increase in the number of people with diabetes from 1.4 million in 1996 to 2.5 million people diagnosed with T2D (Diabetes UK, 2009) and up to 500,000 undiagnosed cases (Department of Health, 2008). By 2025, it is estimated that more than four million people will have the condition. Also Department of Health states that understanding of diabetes in people differs significantly which further increase the complications of controlling and preventing the disease. Although there has been a lot of literature on social circumstances affecting health, a lot more needs to be done in facing challenges that will fully address health inequalities in this group of people with studies that are more inclusive of this group rather than of a focus of a single ethnic group. Epidemiology of Variations in Type 2 Diabetes Incidence and prevalence Type 2 diabetes continues to be one of the top public health challenges for the National Health Service (NHS, n.d.). Incidence of T2D is swiftly increasing globally, mostly for south Asian people living in urban areas (Qiao, et al, 2003; Riste, 2001). Although enormous steps have been made in detecting those with diabetes, there is yet a lot to be done to boost prevention and enhance services for the diagnosed, in addition to progressing with identifying new cases (Mayor, 2005). A four-fold to six-fold risk of developing T2D is bigger in south Asian individuals who get the disease at an earlier age, and have higher rates of renal and cardiovascular problems than do other ethnic groups (Burden, 1992; Mather, 1998). The completed local ethnic profiling in Liverpool (Lee, et al, 2000) established that people from ethnic groups (aged 40 years and over) were more likely to self report diabetes compared to white British in the same age group, indicating a greater occurrence of diabetes within ethnic groups. As reported in the Health Survey for England (2004), diabetes diagnosed by a doctor is nearly four times as common in Bangladeshi men, and nearly three times as common in Pakistani and Indian men in contrast to men in the general population. Also amongst women, the condition is more than five times as likely among Pakistani women, at least three times as likely in Bangladeshi women, and two-and-a-half times as likely in Indian women, compared with women in the general population. In the same survey, diabetes was highest among Indian men (2 per cent), Black African men (1.7 per cent) and Irish women (1.7 per cent) (Diabetes UK, 2009) (Table 1). Table 1: Showing the prevalence of self-reported, doctor-diagnosed diabetes in England by minority ethnic group and sex (Diabetes UK 2009). Source: Adapted from Diabetes UK 2009: Key statistics on diabetes. Diabetes complications and control The SAC has been identified of significantly having higher rates of diabetes-related complications (Chowdhury, 2002; Chandie and Shaw, 2006) such as diabetic reinopathy (Pradeepa, 2008), worse control of hypertension as shown in a study by Lanting, et al (2005), and according to Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2005). The above contributes to SAC suffering more from health problems than the majority population of the country they live in as they bear an unequal burden of the diabetes epidemic (Mohanty, 2005). There is need for studies from the SAC to examine effects of renal disease on mortality. Also improved ethnicity data would help to understand the incidence of end-stage renal disease complications in order to plan for effective control of the disease. Variations in quality of care and health service Similarly in any community, there are a variety of opinions and views over health and this is also witnessed amongst the SAC who live in the UK. In reviewing the research evidence, there is substantial data that ethnic minorities have a higher diabetes disease burden (Mohan, 2004; Muhopadhyay, 2005) and encounter variations in the quality of care they get (Howthorne, 2001). However, reports of problems in obtaining health care have emerged to be different among ethnic groups and the remainder of the UK population. It has to be noted that this community frequently needs to be dealt with in different ways from that of the White British community, but concurrently, age, gender, language and faith variations within the SAC should be valued when conveying health messages. Health care interventions that seek out to enhance diabetes care are likely to enhance health outcomes and bring down health variations amongst this community of people. This review also assimilates the available evidence regarding the effectiveness of such interventions. Ethnicity data collection in the UK has occurred twice, in 1991 and 2001 giving the ethnic composition of the English population where the Asian community comprised of 6.6% (UK census, 2001) forming a special population subgroup. In addition to largely belonging to the groups with lower socioeconomic position (Connolly, et al, 2000), their health status is also affected by their cultural practices and behaviour, circumstances of life before arrival to the host country, stress of migration, and adjustment to the new lifestyle in the UK (Mackenbach, 1997; Fischbacher, 2004; Greenhalgh, 2001). Although their need of health care is often heightened due to a poorer health status, utilisation of health services by the SAC is often held back by lack of understanding of the system and inadequate language skills. Evidence for inequalities in health among migrant populations in different host countries is as abundant as evidence for socioeconomic inequalities in health. This community faces a substantial amount of barriers to accessing care as already been noted. Stress has been another suggested factor where belonging to a minority group has been linked with accelerated stress levels (Abate and Chandalia, 2003) and the chances of T2D development has also been linked with stress (Mooy, et al, 2000). Abate and Chandalias (2003) study shows the effect of lifestyle factors on obesity and diabetes to be predominantly common within ethnic groups. This might be due to environmental changes from host country that promotes obesity and also predisposition to T2D in the SAC. A reduction in fibre consumption and increased intake of animal fats and processed carbohydrates are the major adjustments in dietary behaviours adopted by SAC. Diet and exercise are very important determinants of the variation in T2D in the SAC. While the main concern in public health is preventing diabetes, averting complications in those patients with confirmed diabetes is similarly imperative. The study by Gaede, etal (2003) shows evidence from randomised trials that this precedence can be accomplished by multi-factorial interventions, decreasing cardiovascular risk problems by up to 50%. The challenge remains on how to apply such interventions cost-effectively, particularly in high-risk ethnic groups such as south Asian patients, to minimise health inequalities that exist between SAC and the indigenous UK population (Barnett, 2006; Hanif, 2008). Despite the public health domain operating in addressing national patterns of health inequalities that bring about drawbacks among ethnic minority groups, significant recognition exist that regional, socioeconomic, and personal factors affect intra-group variations in risk (Alberti, 2007). The SAC requires those responsible for planning and delivering diabetes services to write policies that address their specific needs, extremes of age, hard to reach groups (such as the housebound, young adults), people living in institutions, the socially excluded, and taking account of the different needs of both genders. Issues of health inequalities have been a central focus within the health-related research community since the publication of the Black Report more than twenty years ago (Black, 1988). The deep-rooted and extensive temperament of health inequalities proposes that policy interventions will face meticulously difficult issues in formulating and putting into practice policy at national and local levels. To shed light precisely on those issues referred to above, i.e. the connections relating to health inequalities evidence, policy and implementation. In England, the government has asked for the primary care trusts (PCTs) to be at the fore front of the responsibility at a local level for dealing with inequalities in health. From 1997 the PCT and its previous organisations have sought to react to and apply government policies to deal with inequalities in health. Although there has been dedication and support for action on inequalities at Board level and together with senior management team, various barriers to local execution of policy on health inequalities have been met. A significant contextual factor has been the huge and re-emerging financial shortfall taken over by the PCT from its predecessor health authority. This has accentuated the priority given to attaining financial balance and access targets within NHS performance management. The SAC from the above evidence is likely to be served less well by the health services. The barriers to accessing care and health service Further to the concerns already raised in variations to quality of care and health service, barriers to accessing care by the SAC still exist. The issue of how places have an impact on health was addressed in studies by Picket and Pearl (2001); Macintyre, et al (2002) and Tunstall, et al (2004). As a result they showed an understanding of place-specific factors, cultures, and societies which are also required at the level of policy making in order to address health inequalities. Individuals from SAC who are excluded socially also comprise of prisoners, refugees and asylum seekers, and those with learning or mental health problems may be given poorer quality care. More than one of these risk factors may apply to some individuals in this community. There is a range of evidence that ethnic minorities have different health outcomes to those of the general population of the society in which they are living (Jenum, 2005; Britten, 2007; McElduff, 2005; Sahu, 2007). Furthermore, their diabet es is generally less well controlled in that it gets more serious more quickly and there are added health problems (Millett, 2007). The reasons for the rise in occurrence is not fully known though various factors might appear to contribute such as different levels of inactivity and physical fitness; social deprivation, a lack of education and/or employment (Diabetes UK, 2001). A number of barriers (consisting of language barriers, cultural differences, transport problems, poor knowledge of services) with regard to their motivation to try to find medical aid deter them from accessing the services required in managing their condition. Also limitations in speaking English makes it difficult to target the largest part of this risk-group with lifestyle interventions as SAC is relatively isolated from mainstream society and has variable knowledge of and motivation to make use of conventional services (Greenhalgh, 2005). The above still poses a lot of challenges in the elimination of the prevailing health inequalities. It is however, believed that the main barriers to physical activity (p.a.) in this group is lack of time due to extended working hours and household tasks. Furthermore, access to leisure and sporting facilities determined by their availability, costs and times they are open; the fear for individual safety in public open spaces; the absence of other persons from their community accessing the facilities, and, actual, or potential experiences of racism also contributes to barriers in accessing health services. Also dress codes for the women, absence of privacy in changing areas as well as lack of distinct gender provision possibly prevents the access to p.a. Since physical fitness and management of weight are very important with regard to preventing the onset of diabetes, these are also very important issues for this ethnic community. Type 2 diabetes is also most common among those subjected to socioeconomic deprivation which is linked with elevated levels of obesity and overweight, sedentary lifestyles, poor blood pressure control and smoking. However, other factors prevail that include reduced glucose control, referral bias, poor access to services and limited education with those subjected to social exclusion feeling a sense of despair that may put them off from developing a belief in themselves to control their diabetes successfully (BMA, 2004). Evaluation of strategies or measures in tackling T2D in the UK south Asian community Ever since the 1980s a lot of research has been gathered on the strong positive associations between inequalities and ill-health, including some showing that the health gap between the affluent and deprived is widening. The health of the nation strategy for England, cited that successful strategies for improving health have to be responsive to differences in health, and guidance was made available to health authorities (HAs) on decreasing such differences. However, there was no target on inequalities in the health strategy and not considerable known facts had been gathered on effective interventions. However, the emergent body of data on the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and ill health has revitalized the drive to tackle inequalities. Increased evidence also resulted in the establishment of a Chief Medical Officer working group to advise the Department of Health and the National Health Service on what it should be doing to tackle disparities in health. The findings of this group were published in 1995 in Variations in health: what can the Department of health do? Recommendations followed from it that HAs ought to have an inclusive plan that identifies and tackles differences, making it an important aspect in public health. The issue of inequalities in health is continuously felt to be extremely important within the department of health authorities as evidenced by the extensive analyses and completed and continuing projects in many HAs. The findings of the Black Report in the UK were no different in showing the disparities in health. However, health-care delivery in the SAC is more challenging because of cultural, communication, and comprehension difficulties, which along with social deprivation further complicate the achievement of defined targets (Stone, 2005). Shekelles (2003) study shows that payments for UK general practices based on their achievement of quality (Quality and Outcomes Framework) targets do not distinguish different ethnic groups. Shortfalls still exist in the quality of care available for those in hospital and various activities are taking place by the Joint British Diabetes Society. Diabetes UK as a member of the society created a tool being used by adults with diabetes to know what care to anticipate throughout a hospital stay. Furthermore, enhanced care packages based in the community have been associated with improved metabolic outcomes in some ethnic groups but have not been fully assessed in large randomised controlled trials. Such trials are scarce in people of south Asian ethnic origin (Gammon, 2008). Appropriate standards of care, tailored patient education and ease of access to services must be provided when needed (Diabetes UK, 2001). The United Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study (UKADS) assessed a community-based complex intervention that aimed to reduce cardiovascular risk in south Asian people with T2D (Davis, 2001; OHare, 2004). The intervention package was tailored to the needs of the south Asian community and consisted of additional time with a practice nurse, Asian link workers, and input from diabetes-specialist nurses, who were working to protocols to achieve clearly defined targets. The UKADS study hypothesis was that an enhanced care package for diabetes would improve cardiovascular risk profi le in patients of south Asian origin, with established T2D. Tackling health inequalities is important because inequality is widespread and in many cases this has widened over the last two decades. Unless concerted action is taken, most policies inadvertently widen health inequalities. The two national goals are specifically focused on health inequalities by following the National Service Framework for Diabetes (NSFD) that aims in the long term, up to and beyond 2010 to reduce health inequalities by tackling the wider determinants of health such as poverty, poor housing and education (DH, 2001). The integration of care plans for those with complex diabetes requirements should be put into service and for them to be effective, a dedicated budget is required. It should be noted that alleviating diabetes health inequalities is expensive and thus requires the government to encourage PCTs to channel their funding to their environment accordingly (deprived areas, diverse communities, e.t.c.). Although it has been widely accepted in the public health field that many cases of T2D could be slowed down or stopped with lifestyle interventions, there still exists challenges in the government acting to restrict advertising of foods high in salt, sugar, and/or fat as well as ensuring that Food Standards Agency guidelines are adhered to by food manufacturers. This will assist consumers to be more aware of the contents of processed foods thus contributing to reducing the burden of the disease. However, the NHS and government can gain knowledge from other programmes of work in the SAC (The Equal Access to Diabetes Healthcare Pilot Study established in Wolverhampton) on how improved care can be offered to all those not currently receiving adequate care. While the SAC is relatively concentrated in certain areas, others are more widely scattered and services must not ignore these groups because there are not large enough to warrant prioritisation. In 2004, Lewisham PCT undertook its own research that focussed on diabetes and hypertension for its ethnic minority populations with findings of service inadequacy consisting of cultural barriers. This resulted in a recommendation of a community based diabetes awareness education that addressed cultural beliefs and socioeconomic factors. In addition, cultural awareness was introduced to staff. Improvement in the field of health inequalities will eventually be revealed by complete decrease in preventable morbidity and mortality among those in this most at-risk group. Factors such as the dedication of HAs staff to the inequalities schema, the setting of priorities, increasing awareness, thorough and enlightening analyses, execution of interventions and alliance working are evidently significant in accomplishing this goal. It is to be hoped that recent national initiatives for talking socioeconomic differentials in health will allow and urge HAs and new local partners to completely take on their role and act to eliminate these present health inequalities in this community and others. Nevertheless, as brought to light by Acheson, a more strategic approach is needed and will be an essential marker of HAs seriously dealing with this issue. However, authorities on health inequalities at the international level have recommended that measuring health inequalities is a requirement t o developing strategies and programmes to deal with them (Wagstaff, 2000; Houweling, 2003). DISCUSSION Research has shown that there are individual differences in susceptibility to disease. Geofrey Rose taught us that the causes of population rates of disease may vary from the causes of personal cases (Rose, 1992; WHO, 2001). In Britain, the short-hand term inequalities in health refers to differences between social groups (Black, et al, 1988; The Stationery Office, 1998). The Black Report on Inequalities in Health was seen as putting forward an opposition between an approach to an account that concentrated on health behaviours and one that focussed on the material forms of life (Blane, 1985). Following Blacks report, one ought to think of health inequalities as coming from material situations of life not psychosocial factors (Lynch, 2000). However, health inequalities are not limited to those living in absolute deprivation but are witnessed in those living at a material level above the threshold required for good health (Morris, 2000). Material conditions and psychosocial factors are closely related (Marmot, 2001) which the association was also made in the Black Report. A component of the difficulty of inequalities in health has to do with education with circumstances at work, with job uncertainty and joblessness and the nature of the neighbourhoods. Subsequent to Blacks and a lot of the work prior to and ever since demonstrates that inequalities in h ealth show inequalities in society. However, up till now a small amount of UK studies have included south Asians (Bartlett, 2003; Sheikh, 2004; Jolly, 2004). Hussain-Gambles (2006) explored on the causes for their abstention in clinical trials, including motivation (e.g. helping society, improving ones health); and constraints (e.g. busy lifestyles, prior experiences and language difficulties). Professional views comprised of a lack of time and resources and insufficient sustainability. It has also been brought to light that south Asians are frequently explicitly left out due to the supposed cultural and communication problems (Greenhalgh, 1998; Erens, 2001; Rhodes, 2003; Baradaran, 2004; Vyas, 2003; Lawton, 2006), as well as studies where there might be language/literacy problems in getting informed permission. In addition, Choudhury (2008) shows that a lot of people from south Asian upbringing are reluctant to take part because they acknowledge their illness as an irreversible punishment from God or have a fear of wh at research actually entails. It is widely accepted that people with low socioeconomic positions have in general poorer self-rated health than persons with high socioeconomic status (kawachi, 1999; Lantz, 2001). Several theories have been put forward to explain observed social gradients in health (Elstad, 2000). The materialist or structural theory suggests an important role of the physical environment e.g. working conditions, material conditions, and housing environment. These theories further suggest that differences in the material environment of the social classes are the key determinants of health inequalities and inequalities in the use of health services which may operate directly (physically) or psycho-socially. However, in this review it is noted that the south Asian community might feel alienated from the wider society as a whole and having very little or no support at a local level for their needs. In some parts of the UK, the level of care that people get varies in accordance to place of residence and this means the non existence of a devoted service framework in place, service tumbles well under NICE suggested standards. Since individuals with diabetes require educational access, psychological and emotional help and care and care planning so that they deal with their own condition. Diabetes UK keep on prioritising collaborated self-management in its policy and campaigning activities, and request the government and the NHS to invest in improving services and infrastructure that assist in enhancing peoples lives and produces future benefits. The behavioural or lifestyles theory came to sight when individual risk factors for instance unhealthy eating, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol use were recognized as health determinants. As already evidenced in this review on behavioural and cultural problems experienced within the SAC, this theory is relevant. The theory states that, social dissimilarity in beliefs towards health and actions are accounted for by an unhealthier lifestyle amongst those with deprived positions. Various social classes lifestyles are perceived as contributors to health that is excellent or poor which is considered to be actively chosen and thus open to transformation by way of promoting health. However, critics have argued that it can lead to a tactic of victim-blaming which contributes to widening of health variations as already cited in this review. The psychosocial theory proposes that unhealthy habits are a reaction to stress and a way to alleviate frustration and that social capital, social support, and autonomy represent key elements for good health (Marmot and Wilkinson, 1999; Marmot and Wilkinson, 2001). However, none of these theories have been able to completely explain social differences in health. It is important to separate the roles played by lifestyle, material factors, and psychosocial factors in health disparities. This will enable us to understand whether interventions should be aimed mainly at changes in lifestyle, in material conditions, or in the psychosocial environment. A view held by many sociologists is that explanations of health inequalities need to take into account both material inequalities and cultural/behavioural differences. Behaviours regarded as individual choices are chosen from within unequal social locations. Some privileged social locations facilitate or enable healthy lifestyles, whilst other deprived material locations prevent, hinder or militate against healthy choices. For instance, if an individual from the SAC is in an unskilled job that provides barely enough wages which in turn provides a small chance to make choices as a consumer. In circumstances like that certain irrational behaviours (e.g. smoking, fatty foods) may arise as rational coping strategies. Socioeconomic variations in health continue to be debatable as to whether they are by way of economic and material conditions or psychosocial factors like social support and employment control (Marmot and Wilkinson, 1999; Marmot and Wilkinson, 2001; WHO, 1997; Lynch, et al, 2000, Lynch, 2001). In addition, Denton (1999) and Alvarez-Dardet (2001) also highlighted the significance of lifestyle factors. The various opinions are focused on deviating theories that are also evidenced in this south Asian community on the causes of ill health (material/psychosocial factors) and whether ill health burden rests upon the individuals (lifestyle) or on society (structural factors). Van Lenthe (2004) suggested that in clarifying socioeconomic variations in health, all these factors play a role. Strategies or measures in tackling the health variations in UKs south Asians The government, NHS and partner organisations continue implementing strategies and policies to help tackle T2D variations in the SAC. Public policy development is a multifaceted and iterative process which in turn has to tackle the multiple causes of health inequalities. While we ought to be concerned with health inequality, health is a fundamental component of well-being, whether or not it is associated with inequality in other dimensions of well-being. Utilization of evidence is a vital part of this process if knowledge is provided that is significant to policy questions (on costs, effectiveness, etc.), if it fits in with the overall political vision, and has distinct potential for practical implementation. Presently in the UK, policy on health inequalities is perceived as evidence-informed and is a national priority as reflected in key targets. There is however, restrictions of the evidence base for effective interventions. Despite all efforts made in the past decade to gather substantial evidence to tackle the present T2D health inequalities, one would ask why we still have an increase in the prevalence of T2D in this community. However, the report presented by Diabetes UK and the South Asian Health Foundation (2009) promotes a correlation of work in partnerships and vibrant partnerships to thrive among researchers and organisations alike, to operate towards accomplishing major improvements in the understanding of diabetes and its impacts on this community living the UK. The same strong information basis is necessary for any health policy or health programme on tackling health variations thus calling for reliable research (i.e. valid, timely with relevant information) on the extent an d causes of health inequality presented in the SAC. The health equity audits (HEAs) identify how fairly services or other resources are distributed in relation to the health needs of different groups. They use evidence on inequalities to inform decisions on investment, service planning, commissioning and delivery, health equity audits should help organisations address inequalities in access to services and in health outcomes, such as the inequalities experienced by these minority ethnic groups. The Audit Commission Patient Survey previously highlighted significant gaps in patient knowledge, understanding and confidence in managing diabetes, which were substantially more pronounced for ethnic minorities than the white population. The 2001 Census revealed that from 10 ethnic minority households, six did not have English as their main language. Facilities accessible are often unsuitable such as where language and cultural barriers between healthcare and patients has often resulted in misunderstanding or even no information given at all. The PCTs and their partner organisations are required to consider the particular needs of their population, taking into account various needs and priorities within each community as per the 2005-2008 NHS Planning Guidance. Health inequalities have been retained as a key priority for the NHS, as set out in the NHS Operating