Witchcraft Religion Essay Example For Students

Witchcraft Religion Essay Since in this view, societal needs are mediated by individual agents responding, holding attitudes, and acting such a need fulfillment theory reduces to a psychological one. Every important custom has its pragmatic or emotional value for some members of the society, or else it falls into disuse and is forgotten. To reduce all actions to satisfying needs seems slightly simplistic. Many customs are observed today despite their original function now being long obsolete: no doubt many convinced atheists still throw spilt salt over their left shoulder, but in no way believe that this is because Beelzebub himself is standing behind them. We will write a custom essay on Witchcraft Religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Furthermore, conclusions based upon the psychological makeup of people in the distant past are problematical because it is very hard to make the jump from what the sources tell us to what assumptions about the world actually lay behind them. As much as the anthropologist, studying cultures which are distant in space, the historian studying cultures distant in time must overcome a considerable difference in language, where the subtler meanings of words may be lost on the outside observer. Thomas does attempt to recreate the mental world of witch belief, and probably gets close to how it actually was, but there is no way of absolutely verifying his ideas. As such, with his anthropologically-informed conclusions resting at least in part upon his reconstruction of past mentalities, Thomas conclusions seem to have a potentially weak foundation. Religion and the Decline of Magic undoubtedly profits in some way at least from its borrowings from anthropology. Some of its main conclusions owe much to anthropological conclusions, and these are not simply forced upon history without the cross-examination of historical evidence. In the last resort this is a work of history drawing upon anthropology, not of anthropological conclusions imposed upon the past as part of some general positivist scheme. It is, however, far from perfect. The examples used, while numerous, are given in a sentence or two, which cannot hope to relate the full implications of the source being employed, and might simply be distortions of the facts to back up the scheme Thomas attempts to describe. The whole survey seems slightly lopsided as a result of the consideration of mainly anthropologically-informed conclusions, and some of the conclusions which he does draw seem to have their share of weaknesses. All of this is harsh criticism, though, especially as very few books (and this would be one of them) claim to tell the whole story. Thomas does show that anthropology can open up a number of routes of enquiry which may well have been obscure to conventional historians, and indeed to shed light on historical events. He may have gone a little too far in his borrowings, but he does not write bad history by any means. In the opinion of E. P. Thompson, Religion and the Decline of Magic is, an immensely important and stimulating book BIBLIOGRAPHY G. R. Elton, The Practice of History (London 1987) C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (London 1993) H. Geertz, An Anthropology of religion and Magic, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 6 (1975) K. Thomas, History and Anthropology, Past and Present, 24 (1963) K. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London 1971) E. P. Thompson, Anthropology and the Discipline of Historical Context, Midland History, 1 (1971).

Calculate Concentration of Ions in Solution

Calculate Concentration of Ions in Solution This worked example problem illustrates the steps necessary to calculate the concentration of ions in an aqueous solution in terms of molarity.  Molarity is one of the most common units of concentration. Molarity is measured in  number of moles  of a substance per unit volume.   Question a. State the concentration, in moles per liter, of each ion in 1.0 mol Al(NO3)3.b. State the concentration, in moles per liter, of each ion in 0.20 mol K2CrO4. Solution Part a.  Dissolving 1 mol of Al(NO3)3 in water dissociates into 1 mol Al3 and 3 mol NO3- by the reaction: Al(NO3)3(s) → Al3(aq) 3 NO3-(aq) Therefore: concentration of Al3 1.0 Mconcentration of NO3- 3.0 M Part b.  K2CrO4 dissociates in water by the reaction: K2CrO4 → 2 K(aq) CrO42- One mol of K2CrO4 produces 2 mol of K and 1 mol of CrO42-. Therefore, for a 0.20 M solution: concentration of CrO42- 0.20 Mconcentration of K 2Ãâ€"(0.20 M) 0.40 M Answer Part a.Concentration of Al3 1.0 MConcentration of NO3- 3.0 M Part b.Concentration of CrO42- 0.20 MConcentration of K 0.40 M

Analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis - Essay Example 5. Certain policies of the government that might affect the economy and hence, the market or industry under consideration. One reason why it becomes very important to consider GDP in case of UK is that UK is a developed country. The infrastructure and the high end technology available in UK come at a higher cost than that in the developing countries. The expenditure increases due to non-availability of cheap labor. Thus, to support the ‘relatively’ high manufacturing costs, the GDP should be ‘relatively’ higher so that the profit is not affected. The GDP of UK was severely affected by recession. Though a lot of newspapers reported the rise in GDP by more than 0.4% in the fourth quarter last year, the GDP had dipped by 6% during recession (The Herald 2010). Does that mean that the spending has declined? Not much. The savings ratio has been declining along with the decline in GDP (guardian.co.uk 2010). Hence, the spending of citizens of UK has not been affected much. But another factor to worry about is the increase in VAT (Value Added Tax). To reduce the fiscal deficit, which went up during recession, the UK government has increased Value Added Tax from 15% to 17.5% (Dalong 2009). All confectionery items are VAT-able items. The cost of chocolates will increase. But how much will this affect the consumption of chocolates? To gain popularity in the UK confectionery market, it would be sensible to sell chocolates at a lower profit margin rather than increasing the prices because of the increase in VAT. ‘Cadbury’s’, which enjoyed a share of more than 30% of the UK confectionery market until last year, made the mistake of increasing the price of its ‘Dairy Milk’ bars. This led to a drop in the consumption of Cadbury’s products and their market shares dropped. Thus, it would be sensible to sell chocolates at lower price until the brand gains popularity and recognition and until UK completely recovers from reces sion (tutor2u 2009). The

Is Eminent Domain as Practiced Today a Violation of the Takings Clause Essay

Is Eminent Domain as Practiced Today a Violation of the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the US Constitution - Essay Example It has commonly been argued that eminent domain is a violation of the taking clause of the fifth amendment of the US constitution. The Taking Clause of the US Constitution The purpose of the taking clause featured in the US constitution is to bar the government from forcibly making some people bear public burdens, which is a responsibility of the entire public (Funk 123). On the other hand, the takings clause fully requires compensation whenever a government takes away private property and converts it for public use. Eminent domain gives the government power to take such property, even without fully compensating the private owners, which is contrary to the Fifth Amendment (Greenhut 65). The fourteenth and fifth amendments’ taking clauses of the constitution have similar meaning and effect. However, owners of property can enjoy more protection from the Fifth Amendment takings. Proponents of eminent domain believe that the US constitution’s Fifth Amendment takings clause does not prohibit the government from taking private property (Donahue 32). The requirement of public use is normally viewed like a restriction on the power of government over eminent domain as proponents of eminent domain believe. ... The situation of many individuals that have their properties taken by the government is normally made worse given that some of these properties are what they consider a lifetime investment and therefore beyond monetary value. In this respect, eminent domain denies individuals the right to enjoy whatever they have worked for irrespective of how much treasured their investments are to them (Sheldom 24). This as a result lowers the motivation of hardworking citizens who always live in fear considering that their properties may be taken at any time and without warning. Eminent domain has been applied blatantly with power-hungry and utilitarian justifications. Such events occur for example where large companies that remit more taxes to the government are favored against individuals or smaller organizations to an extent that properties are seized from the later unjustifiably for the benefit of the larger companies as noted by Ryskamp (35). This sometimes is done out of the consideration th at larger companies create more employment opportunities compared to smaller ones. Unfortunately the application of eminent domain in this respect is flawed as it considers individuals as fungible or substitutable objects. When the government seizes property based on such logic, it means that the government cares not for the welfare of those whose lives are ruined as a result against the constitutional implication that the individual’s right is absolute. Some quarters have reasoned that eminent domain helps in the redistribution of property and helps in creating equality and equity in the sharing of resources among nationals. This idea is further propagated based on the reasoning that the government helps in

Type 2 Diabetes Health Inequalities

Type 2 Diabetes Health Inequalities This paper will discuss diabetes mellitus, which is a chronic medical condition that worsens over time. The levels of glucose in the blood become too high because the body cannot use it properly. The pancreas fails to produce enough of the hormone insulin which controls the levels of glucose (WHO, 2002a). If diabetes is not treated, it can lead to heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, lower limb amputation, sexual dysfunction, and pregnancy complications in women (Diabetes UK, 2009). The paper will review health inequalities in people with diabetes living in the UK from the ethnic minority of the south Asian community (SAC). The focus will be on the most common preventable type 2 diabetes (T2D) in this community. This community is at higher risk of developing T2D, and cultural practices, for instance fasting if not managed appropriately makes their condition to become worsened. The community comprises a heterogeneous group of people of Afghanistan, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan origin that have different language, religion, culture and rates of diabetes especially T2D and live in all areas of the UK (Qiao, et al, 2003; Mohan, 2006; Katulanda, 2006, 2008). Their clustering in certain areas reflect the migration patterns such as a high intensity of Indians in the East and West Midlands as well as in Greater London, fairly low proportion of Pakistanis in Greater London and a high intensity in West Yorkshire and West Midlands (Raymond, 2009). Those of Bangla deshi origin are established mostly in Greater London particularly in Tower Hamlets with growing numbers in the West Midlands (Grace, 2008). The condition is not equally impacted upon every person in our society and considerable inequalities are present in the risk of disease development, access to health services and service quality, and in health outcomes in particular those with T2D. Since health is unequally distributed within and between populations, a health inequality arises where variations in health status exist or in the allocation of health determinants amongst various population groups. Also it can be from unjust or unfair differences in health determinants or outcomes within or between defined populations. An increased risk of developing diabetes is witnessed in those who are overweight, physically inactive or got a family history of diabetes. The UK is facing a huge increase in the number of people with diabetes from 1.4 million in 1996 to 2.5 million people diagnosed with T2D (Diabetes UK, 2009) and up to 500,000 undiagnosed cases (Department of Health, 2008). By 2025, it is estimated that more than four million people will have the condition. Also Department of Health states that understanding of diabetes in people differs significantly which further increase the complications of controlling and preventing the disease. Although there has been a lot of literature on social circumstances affecting health, a lot more needs to be done in facing challenges that will fully address health inequalities in this group of people with studies that are more inclusive of this group rather than of a focus of a single ethnic group. Epidemiology of Variations in Type 2 Diabetes Incidence and prevalence Type 2 diabetes continues to be one of the top public health challenges for the National Health Service (NHS, n.d.). Incidence of T2D is swiftly increasing globally, mostly for south Asian people living in urban areas (Qiao, et al, 2003; Riste, 2001). Although enormous steps have been made in detecting those with diabetes, there is yet a lot to be done to boost prevention and enhance services for the diagnosed, in addition to progressing with identifying new cases (Mayor, 2005). A four-fold to six-fold risk of developing T2D is bigger in south Asian individuals who get the disease at an earlier age, and have higher rates of renal and cardiovascular problems than do other ethnic groups (Burden, 1992; Mather, 1998). The completed local ethnic profiling in Liverpool (Lee, et al, 2000) established that people from ethnic groups (aged 40 years and over) were more likely to self report diabetes compared to white British in the same age group, indicating a greater occurrence of diabetes within ethnic groups. As reported in the Health Survey for England (2004), diabetes diagnosed by a doctor is nearly four times as common in Bangladeshi men, and nearly three times as common in Pakistani and Indian men in contrast to men in the general population. Also amongst women, the condition is more than five times as likely among Pakistani women, at least three times as likely in Bangladeshi women, and two-and-a-half times as likely in Indian women, compared with women in the general population. In the same survey, diabetes was highest among Indian men (2 per cent), Black African men (1.7 per cent) and Irish women (1.7 per cent) (Diabetes UK, 2009) (Table 1). Table 1: Showing the prevalence of self-reported, doctor-diagnosed diabetes in England by minority ethnic group and sex (Diabetes UK 2009). Source: Adapted from Diabetes UK 2009: Key statistics on diabetes. Diabetes complications and control The SAC has been identified of significantly having higher rates of diabetes-related complications (Chowdhury, 2002; Chandie and Shaw, 2006) such as diabetic reinopathy (Pradeepa, 2008), worse control of hypertension as shown in a study by Lanting, et al (2005), and according to Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2005). The above contributes to SAC suffering more from health problems than the majority population of the country they live in as they bear an unequal burden of the diabetes epidemic (Mohanty, 2005). There is need for studies from the SAC to examine effects of renal disease on mortality. Also improved ethnicity data would help to understand the incidence of end-stage renal disease complications in order to plan for effective control of the disease. Variations in quality of care and health service Similarly in any community, there are a variety of opinions and views over health and this is also witnessed amongst the SAC who live in the UK. In reviewing the research evidence, there is substantial data that ethnic minorities have a higher diabetes disease burden (Mohan, 2004; Muhopadhyay, 2005) and encounter variations in the quality of care they get (Howthorne, 2001). However, reports of problems in obtaining health care have emerged to be different among ethnic groups and the remainder of the UK population. It has to be noted that this community frequently needs to be dealt with in different ways from that of the White British community, but concurrently, age, gender, language and faith variations within the SAC should be valued when conveying health messages. Health care interventions that seek out to enhance diabetes care are likely to enhance health outcomes and bring down health variations amongst this community of people. This review also assimilates the available evidence regarding the effectiveness of such interventions. Ethnicity data collection in the UK has occurred twice, in 1991 and 2001 giving the ethnic composition of the English population where the Asian community comprised of 6.6% (UK census, 2001) forming a special population subgroup. In addition to largely belonging to the groups with lower socioeconomic position (Connolly, et al, 2000), their health status is also affected by their cultural practices and behaviour, circumstances of life before arrival to the host country, stress of migration, and adjustment to the new lifestyle in the UK (Mackenbach, 1997; Fischbacher, 2004; Greenhalgh, 2001). Although their need of health care is often heightened due to a poorer health status, utilisation of health services by the SAC is often held back by lack of understanding of the system and inadequate language skills. Evidence for inequalities in health among migrant populations in different host countries is as abundant as evidence for socioeconomic inequalities in health. This community faces a substantial amount of barriers to accessing care as already been noted. Stress has been another suggested factor where belonging to a minority group has been linked with accelerated stress levels (Abate and Chandalia, 2003) and the chances of T2D development has also been linked with stress (Mooy, et al, 2000). Abate and Chandalias (2003) study shows the effect of lifestyle factors on obesity and diabetes to be predominantly common within ethnic groups. This might be due to environmental changes from host country that promotes obesity and also predisposition to T2D in the SAC. A reduction in fibre consumption and increased intake of animal fats and processed carbohydrates are the major adjustments in dietary behaviours adopted by SAC. Diet and exercise are very important determinants of the variation in T2D in the SAC. While the main concern in public health is preventing diabetes, averting complications in those patients with confirmed diabetes is similarly imperative. The study by Gaede, etal (2003) shows evidence from randomised trials that this precedence can be accomplished by multi-factorial interventions, decreasing cardiovascular risk problems by up to 50%. The challenge remains on how to apply such interventions cost-effectively, particularly in high-risk ethnic groups such as south Asian patients, to minimise health inequalities that exist between SAC and the indigenous UK population (Barnett, 2006; Hanif, 2008). Despite the public health domain operating in addressing national patterns of health inequalities that bring about drawbacks among ethnic minority groups, significant recognition exist that regional, socioeconomic, and personal factors affect intra-group variations in risk (Alberti, 2007). The SAC requires those responsible for planning and delivering diabetes services to write policies that address their specific needs, extremes of age, hard to reach groups (such as the housebound, young adults), people living in institutions, the socially excluded, and taking account of the different needs of both genders. Issues of health inequalities have been a central focus within the health-related research community since the publication of the Black Report more than twenty years ago (Black, 1988). The deep-rooted and extensive temperament of health inequalities proposes that policy interventions will face meticulously difficult issues in formulating and putting into practice policy at national and local levels. To shed light precisely on those issues referred to above, i.e. the connections relating to health inequalities evidence, policy and implementation. In England, the government has asked for the primary care trusts (PCTs) to be at the fore front of the responsibility at a local level for dealing with inequalities in health. From 1997 the PCT and its previous organisations have sought to react to and apply government policies to deal with inequalities in health. Although there has been dedication and support for action on inequalities at Board level and together with senior management team, various barriers to local execution of policy on health inequalities have been met. A significant contextual factor has been the huge and re-emerging financial shortfall taken over by the PCT from its predecessor health authority. This has accentuated the priority given to attaining financial balance and access targets within NHS performance management. The SAC from the above evidence is likely to be served less well by the health services. The barriers to accessing care and health service Further to the concerns already raised in variations to quality of care and health service, barriers to accessing care by the SAC still exist. The issue of how places have an impact on health was addressed in studies by Picket and Pearl (2001); Macintyre, et al (2002) and Tunstall, et al (2004). As a result they showed an understanding of place-specific factors, cultures, and societies which are also required at the level of policy making in order to address health inequalities. Individuals from SAC who are excluded socially also comprise of prisoners, refugees and asylum seekers, and those with learning or mental health problems may be given poorer quality care. More than one of these risk factors may apply to some individuals in this community. There is a range of evidence that ethnic minorities have different health outcomes to those of the general population of the society in which they are living (Jenum, 2005; Britten, 2007; McElduff, 2005; Sahu, 2007). Furthermore, their diabet es is generally less well controlled in that it gets more serious more quickly and there are added health problems (Millett, 2007). The reasons for the rise in occurrence is not fully known though various factors might appear to contribute such as different levels of inactivity and physical fitness; social deprivation, a lack of education and/or employment (Diabetes UK, 2001). A number of barriers (consisting of language barriers, cultural differences, transport problems, poor knowledge of services) with regard to their motivation to try to find medical aid deter them from accessing the services required in managing their condition. Also limitations in speaking English makes it difficult to target the largest part of this risk-group with lifestyle interventions as SAC is relatively isolated from mainstream society and has variable knowledge of and motivation to make use of conventional services (Greenhalgh, 2005). The above still poses a lot of challenges in the elimination of the prevailing health inequalities. It is however, believed that the main barriers to physical activity (p.a.) in this group is lack of time due to extended working hours and household tasks. Furthermore, access to leisure and sporting facilities determined by their availability, costs and times they are open; the fear for individual safety in public open spaces; the absence of other persons from their community accessing the facilities, and, actual, or potential experiences of racism also contributes to barriers in accessing health services. Also dress codes for the women, absence of privacy in changing areas as well as lack of distinct gender provision possibly prevents the access to p.a. Since physical fitness and management of weight are very important with regard to preventing the onset of diabetes, these are also very important issues for this ethnic community. Type 2 diabetes is also most common among those subjected to socioeconomic deprivation which is linked with elevated levels of obesity and overweight, sedentary lifestyles, poor blood pressure control and smoking. However, other factors prevail that include reduced glucose control, referral bias, poor access to services and limited education with those subjected to social exclusion feeling a sense of despair that may put them off from developing a belief in themselves to control their diabetes successfully (BMA, 2004). Evaluation of strategies or measures in tackling T2D in the UK south Asian community Ever since the 1980s a lot of research has been gathered on the strong positive associations between inequalities and ill-health, including some showing that the health gap between the affluent and deprived is widening. The health of the nation strategy for England, cited that successful strategies for improving health have to be responsive to differences in health, and guidance was made available to health authorities (HAs) on decreasing such differences. However, there was no target on inequalities in the health strategy and not considerable known facts had been gathered on effective interventions. However, the emergent body of data on the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and ill health has revitalized the drive to tackle inequalities. Increased evidence also resulted in the establishment of a Chief Medical Officer working group to advise the Department of Health and the National Health Service on what it should be doing to tackle disparities in health. The findings of this group were published in 1995 in Variations in health: what can the Department of health do? Recommendations followed from it that HAs ought to have an inclusive plan that identifies and tackles differences, making it an important aspect in public health. The issue of inequalities in health is continuously felt to be extremely important within the department of health authorities as evidenced by the extensive analyses and completed and continuing projects in many HAs. The findings of the Black Report in the UK were no different in showing the disparities in health. However, health-care delivery in the SAC is more challenging because of cultural, communication, and comprehension difficulties, which along with social deprivation further complicate the achievement of defined targets (Stone, 2005). Shekelles (2003) study shows that payments for UK general practices based on their achievement of quality (Quality and Outcomes Framework) targets do not distinguish different ethnic groups. Shortfalls still exist in the quality of care available for those in hospital and various activities are taking place by the Joint British Diabetes Society. Diabetes UK as a member of the society created a tool being used by adults with diabetes to know what care to anticipate throughout a hospital stay. Furthermore, enhanced care packages based in the community have been associated with improved metabolic outcomes in some ethnic groups but have not been fully assessed in large randomised controlled trials. Such trials are scarce in people of south Asian ethnic origin (Gammon, 2008). Appropriate standards of care, tailored patient education and ease of access to services must be provided when needed (Diabetes UK, 2001). The United Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study (UKADS) assessed a community-based complex intervention that aimed to reduce cardiovascular risk in south Asian people with T2D (Davis, 2001; OHare, 2004). The intervention package was tailored to the needs of the south Asian community and consisted of additional time with a practice nurse, Asian link workers, and input from diabetes-specialist nurses, who were working to protocols to achieve clearly defined targets. The UKADS study hypothesis was that an enhanced care package for diabetes would improve cardiovascular risk profi le in patients of south Asian origin, with established T2D. Tackling health inequalities is important because inequality is widespread and in many cases this has widened over the last two decades. Unless concerted action is taken, most policies inadvertently widen health inequalities. The two national goals are specifically focused on health inequalities by following the National Service Framework for Diabetes (NSFD) that aims in the long term, up to and beyond 2010 to reduce health inequalities by tackling the wider determinants of health such as poverty, poor housing and education (DH, 2001). The integration of care plans for those with complex diabetes requirements should be put into service and for them to be effective, a dedicated budget is required. It should be noted that alleviating diabetes health inequalities is expensive and thus requires the government to encourage PCTs to channel their funding to their environment accordingly (deprived areas, diverse communities, e.t.c.). Although it has been widely accepted in the public health field that many cases of T2D could be slowed down or stopped with lifestyle interventions, there still exists challenges in the government acting to restrict advertising of foods high in salt, sugar, and/or fat as well as ensuring that Food Standards Agency guidelines are adhered to by food manufacturers. This will assist consumers to be more aware of the contents of processed foods thus contributing to reducing the burden of the disease. However, the NHS and government can gain knowledge from other programmes of work in the SAC (The Equal Access to Diabetes Healthcare Pilot Study established in Wolverhampton) on how improved care can be offered to all those not currently receiving adequate care. While the SAC is relatively concentrated in certain areas, others are more widely scattered and services must not ignore these groups because there are not large enough to warrant prioritisation. In 2004, Lewisham PCT undertook its own research that focussed on diabetes and hypertension for its ethnic minority populations with findings of service inadequacy consisting of cultural barriers. This resulted in a recommendation of a community based diabetes awareness education that addressed cultural beliefs and socioeconomic factors. In addition, cultural awareness was introduced to staff. Improvement in the field of health inequalities will eventually be revealed by complete decrease in preventable morbidity and mortality among those in this most at-risk group. Factors such as the dedication of HAs staff to the inequalities schema, the setting of priorities, increasing awareness, thorough and enlightening analyses, execution of interventions and alliance working are evidently significant in accomplishing this goal. It is to be hoped that recent national initiatives for talking socioeconomic differentials in health will allow and urge HAs and new local partners to completely take on their role and act to eliminate these present health inequalities in this community and others. Nevertheless, as brought to light by Acheson, a more strategic approach is needed and will be an essential marker of HAs seriously dealing with this issue. However, authorities on health inequalities at the international level have recommended that measuring health inequalities is a requirement t o developing strategies and programmes to deal with them (Wagstaff, 2000; Houweling, 2003). DISCUSSION Research has shown that there are individual differences in susceptibility to disease. Geofrey Rose taught us that the causes of population rates of disease may vary from the causes of personal cases (Rose, 1992; WHO, 2001). In Britain, the short-hand term inequalities in health refers to differences between social groups (Black, et al, 1988; The Stationery Office, 1998). The Black Report on Inequalities in Health was seen as putting forward an opposition between an approach to an account that concentrated on health behaviours and one that focussed on the material forms of life (Blane, 1985). Following Blacks report, one ought to think of health inequalities as coming from material situations of life not psychosocial factors (Lynch, 2000). However, health inequalities are not limited to those living in absolute deprivation but are witnessed in those living at a material level above the threshold required for good health (Morris, 2000). Material conditions and psychosocial factors are closely related (Marmot, 2001) which the association was also made in the Black Report. A component of the difficulty of inequalities in health has to do with education with circumstances at work, with job uncertainty and joblessness and the nature of the neighbourhoods. Subsequent to Blacks and a lot of the work prior to and ever since demonstrates that inequalities in h ealth show inequalities in society. However, up till now a small amount of UK studies have included south Asians (Bartlett, 2003; Sheikh, 2004; Jolly, 2004). Hussain-Gambles (2006) explored on the causes for their abstention in clinical trials, including motivation (e.g. helping society, improving ones health); and constraints (e.g. busy lifestyles, prior experiences and language difficulties). Professional views comprised of a lack of time and resources and insufficient sustainability. It has also been brought to light that south Asians are frequently explicitly left out due to the supposed cultural and communication problems (Greenhalgh, 1998; Erens, 2001; Rhodes, 2003; Baradaran, 2004; Vyas, 2003; Lawton, 2006), as well as studies where there might be language/literacy problems in getting informed permission. In addition, Choudhury (2008) shows that a lot of people from south Asian upbringing are reluctant to take part because they acknowledge their illness as an irreversible punishment from God or have a fear of wh at research actually entails. It is widely accepted that people with low socioeconomic positions have in general poorer self-rated health than persons with high socioeconomic status (kawachi, 1999; Lantz, 2001). Several theories have been put forward to explain observed social gradients in health (Elstad, 2000). The materialist or structural theory suggests an important role of the physical environment e.g. working conditions, material conditions, and housing environment. These theories further suggest that differences in the material environment of the social classes are the key determinants of health inequalities and inequalities in the use of health services which may operate directly (physically) or psycho-socially. However, in this review it is noted that the south Asian community might feel alienated from the wider society as a whole and having very little or no support at a local level for their needs. In some parts of the UK, the level of care that people get varies in accordance to place of residence and this means the non existence of a devoted service framework in place, service tumbles well under NICE suggested standards. Since individuals with diabetes require educational access, psychological and emotional help and care and care planning so that they deal with their own condition. Diabetes UK keep on prioritising collaborated self-management in its policy and campaigning activities, and request the government and the NHS to invest in improving services and infrastructure that assist in enhancing peoples lives and produces future benefits. The behavioural or lifestyles theory came to sight when individual risk factors for instance unhealthy eating, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol use were recognized as health determinants. As already evidenced in this review on behavioural and cultural problems experienced within the SAC, this theory is relevant. The theory states that, social dissimilarity in beliefs towards health and actions are accounted for by an unhealthier lifestyle amongst those with deprived positions. Various social classes lifestyles are perceived as contributors to health that is excellent or poor which is considered to be actively chosen and thus open to transformation by way of promoting health. However, critics have argued that it can lead to a tactic of victim-blaming which contributes to widening of health variations as already cited in this review. The psychosocial theory proposes that unhealthy habits are a reaction to stress and a way to alleviate frustration and that social capital, social support, and autonomy represent key elements for good health (Marmot and Wilkinson, 1999; Marmot and Wilkinson, 2001). However, none of these theories have been able to completely explain social differences in health. It is important to separate the roles played by lifestyle, material factors, and psychosocial factors in health disparities. This will enable us to understand whether interventions should be aimed mainly at changes in lifestyle, in material conditions, or in the psychosocial environment. A view held by many sociologists is that explanations of health inequalities need to take into account both material inequalities and cultural/behavioural differences. Behaviours regarded as individual choices are chosen from within unequal social locations. Some privileged social locations facilitate or enable healthy lifestyles, whilst other deprived material locations prevent, hinder or militate against healthy choices. For instance, if an individual from the SAC is in an unskilled job that provides barely enough wages which in turn provides a small chance to make choices as a consumer. In circumstances like that certain irrational behaviours (e.g. smoking, fatty foods) may arise as rational coping strategies. Socioeconomic variations in health continue to be debatable as to whether they are by way of economic and material conditions or psychosocial factors like social support and employment control (Marmot and Wilkinson, 1999; Marmot and Wilkinson, 2001; WHO, 1997; Lynch, et al, 2000, Lynch, 2001). In addition, Denton (1999) and Alvarez-Dardet (2001) also highlighted the significance of lifestyle factors. The various opinions are focused on deviating theories that are also evidenced in this south Asian community on the causes of ill health (material/psychosocial factors) and whether ill health burden rests upon the individuals (lifestyle) or on society (structural factors). Van Lenthe (2004) suggested that in clarifying socioeconomic variations in health, all these factors play a role. Strategies or measures in tackling the health variations in UKs south Asians The government, NHS and partner organisations continue implementing strategies and policies to help tackle T2D variations in the SAC. Public policy development is a multifaceted and iterative process which in turn has to tackle the multiple causes of health inequalities. While we ought to be concerned with health inequality, health is a fundamental component of well-being, whether or not it is associated with inequality in other dimensions of well-being. Utilization of evidence is a vital part of this process if knowledge is provided that is significant to policy questions (on costs, effectiveness, etc.), if it fits in with the overall political vision, and has distinct potential for practical implementation. Presently in the UK, policy on health inequalities is perceived as evidence-informed and is a national priority as reflected in key targets. There is however, restrictions of the evidence base for effective interventions. Despite all efforts made in the past decade to gather substantial evidence to tackle the present T2D health inequalities, one would ask why we still have an increase in the prevalence of T2D in this community. However, the report presented by Diabetes UK and the South Asian Health Foundation (2009) promotes a correlation of work in partnerships and vibrant partnerships to thrive among researchers and organisations alike, to operate towards accomplishing major improvements in the understanding of diabetes and its impacts on this community living the UK. The same strong information basis is necessary for any health policy or health programme on tackling health variations thus calling for reliable research (i.e. valid, timely with relevant information) on the extent an d causes of health inequality presented in the SAC. The health equity audits (HEAs) identify how fairly services or other resources are distributed in relation to the health needs of different groups. They use evidence on inequalities to inform decisions on investment, service planning, commissioning and delivery, health equity audits should help organisations address inequalities in access to services and in health outcomes, such as the inequalities experienced by these minority ethnic groups. The Audit Commission Patient Survey previously highlighted significant gaps in patient knowledge, understanding and confidence in managing diabetes, which were substantially more pronounced for ethnic minorities than the white population. The 2001 Census revealed that from 10 ethnic minority households, six did not have English as their main language. Facilities accessible are often unsuitable such as where language and cultural barriers between healthcare and patients has often resulted in misunderstanding or even no information given at all. The PCTs and their partner organisations are required to consider the particular needs of their population, taking into account various needs and priorities within each community as per the 2005-2008 NHS Planning Guidance. Health inequalities have been retained as a key priority for the NHS, as set out in the NHS Operating

Being a Teacher

What is your decision-Pursue teaching profession or NOT. Explain the basis of your decision. I will still pursue the teaching profession no matter what. Although this profession does not have salary high as the other profession still I think teaching is very fulfilling in my part. Why do I choose teaching profession over other profession? I think that even though I will earn not so big salary still I will enjoy teaching. First, I choose this in my own will it is not just anybody told me to take this profession. Second, I love speaking and sharing thought or knowledge to others. Lastly, I love children though. There also some reasons I choose teaching profession over others, I see my mother and my sister as a role model, a good teacher I think, they are also the very big factor that’s why I’m in this profession today. Teaching requires a very big skills as you step your foot on it, there will come a time you need to be the patience, loving, caring, understandable, etc. NOT only that you have you there your knowledge to teach, but be sure that you love what you’re doing. It is not how much you earn, but it is that you see every student’s smiles, how they thank you as their teacher and the love that the student gives and vice versa. It’s also fulfilling to a teacher’s heart when they see their student graduating and being a professional someday. Being an Education student today I also want to feel how heart fulfilling teaching is. Salary? It is just a number or money for the people who truly enjoy their work and felt happiness in what you are doing. I want to experience all things in teaching and I so hopeful that I will succeed this profession. I am really praying to God to help me become happy in teaching profession and feel fulfillment on this profession.

Video games may make children fat

Children have been gaining weight excessively over the last 20 years. In 1980 6.5% of the children aged 6 to 11 were obese, but by 1994 that number had climbed to 11.3%. Currently over 30% of children are overweight, while 17% are considered obese (Parker-Pope, 2008). What has caused this epidemic like increase in child obesity? There are many proposed causes that have been linked to child obesity. However, if we examine children’s lifestyles over the last 25 years it appears that video games may be the primary contributing factor to the increase in weight and obesity rates amongst children When video games were first introduced to family households they were considered just another form of entertainment for children, not unlike radios, record players, or televisions. However, video games have evolved into media traps that promote sedentary lifestyles. Children now sit glued for hours to video screens rather than performing physical activities. In a study researchers from the University Hospital of Zurich present a strong association between playing video games and obesity in school-aged Swiss children (Edell, 2004). Their research supported the notion that when children are preoccupied with playing video games, they are not performing physical activity consistent with a healthy lifestyle. Playing video games is a sedentary activity that has a direct affect on weight gain in children. Some believe that video games have little impact on child obesity rates because children today are more aware and independent than previous generations. As a result, children are more conscious of their lives and are able to make healthy choices regarding exercise and video game playing. However, video games have developed from simple pixels and basic animation to the advanced life like games we see today. The advances in technology have made it difficult for children to stay away from video games, and some researchers believe it has psychological and addictive qualities. These powerful qualities make it difficult for children to monitor the amount of time they spend playing video games. In addition, children may also find it difficult to pull themselves away from video games in exchange for healthier physical activities. Dr. Mark Griffiths of Nottingham Trent University, an expert on video game addiction, believes that the games of the 21st century may be more psychologically rewarding then the games of the early 1980s (BBC news, 2000). Subsequently, children may not feel fulfilled until they reach the next level of the game, or beat a high score. The addictive qualities of video games were revealed in a recent study of children in their early teens. The study revealed that one third played video games daily, and 7% played for at least 30 hours a week (BBC news, 2000). Video games are able to capture children’s minds and start the path to poor health at extremely young ages. Dr. Griffiths suggests that children as early as the age of seven are drawn to video games. The strong addictive qualities of video games may prevent a child from exercising and being active even if they wanted to. It may be easy to argue that the television is the culprit for overweight children. However, televisions have been in North American households for over 65 years, but the increase in child obesity has occurred within the previous 25 years. Televisions have remained relatively unchanged, but the video game has mutated into an interactive child magnet. Children are able to play on line, play with multiple players, and interact with gamers globally. Today’s video games are also portable, recordable, and are easily rented. In addition, video game advertising is focused at luring and capturing a child’s impressionable mind. Some studies corroborate the findings that video games, not television, are associated with overweight children. Researchers at the University of Texas surveyed almost 3000 children and found that children who played video games were more likely to be overweight than children who only watched television and didn’t play video games (Levin, 2004). Al though, televisions have made some technological advancements it appears the attraction to video games may have lead to the weight increase in children. It was not long ago when children’s laughter echoed from playgrounds and the announcement of â€Å"car† was heard from children racing to clear hockey nets from neighbourhood streets. Rather than playing on the streets and schoolyards children now lock themselves indoors playing video games. Some suggest that it is the lack of programs and green space that prevent children from being active. However, physical fitness, health, and sport have never been so accessible. Private enterprise and governments have joined forces realizing the importance of moving children from behind the video screen to the field. In addition, building developers work with city planners to ensure that housing designs represent communities with playgrounds and schools rather than concrete mazes. An excellent example of the private sector promoting fitness rather than video gaming is the Canadian Tire Jump Start Initiative (City of Hamilton, 2005). This private program, like many others, encourages fitness by providing children and youth with access to sports and recreation. In addition, government programs such as the provincially funded Communities in Action Fund provide after school programs and sport clinics to youth. The possibility of physical activity is all around us, but video games have made it difficult for children to see outside their locked doors. Of course, it may be easy to blame the fast food industry for the weight increase in children. Fast food restaurants have been in our communities prior to the 1950s, while the most recognizable fast food restaurant, McDonalds, has been in business since 1960. However, the weight increase appears to be steadily increasing within the previous 25 years; consistent with the introduction of video games rather than hamburgers. Interestingly, fast food restaurants have gone through enormous strides to provide healthy menu alternatives such as: soups, salads, lean sandwiches, fruits, and juices. Burger King for example, offers products for children that are consistent with healthy dietary choices, limiting calories, fats, and sugar in their children’s menu (Bissonnette, 2007). Blaming the restaurant industry for the weight increase may appear obvious, but upon a closer inspection it seems restaurants have done more to promote healthy weight in children than the video game industry. Most of the research measures any correlation between increases in video game playing compared to increases in weight. What would happen if video game playing was reduced? Recent research at the University of Buffalo measured the effects of limiting video game playing (University of Buffalo, 2008). The university experiment was conducted over a 2 year period and revealed that when children restricted their video game playing by an average of 17.5 hours per week they lowered their body mass index significantly. In other words, they lost weight. In summary, this topic will initiate many theories and possibilities, but there is no arguing that children’s weights have been steadily increasing over the last 20 years. When we examine children’s lifestyles and habits it appears video games may be the primary contributing factor for the weight increase. Reference http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1036088.stm http://www.healthcentral.com/drdean/408/60891.html http://www.buffalo.edu/news/9197